fig1
Figure 1. Advances in sEVs therapy for periodontitis. (A) sEVs biogenesis and secretion process; (B) Current clinical trial registry for treating periodontitis; (C) Current in vivo periodontal regeneration using sEV-laden scaffolds; (D) Bioprinted sEVs constructs for bone/periodontal regeneration. Created in BioRender. Zhang, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/0yi01jv. sEVs: Small extracellular vesicles; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; hADSCs: human adipose-derived MSCs; hDPSCs: human dental pulp stem cells.
