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Figure 3. Enhanced effects of EVs derived from preconditioned cells in liver fibrosis. EVs derived from MSCs and hepatocytes can be preconditioned using various strategies, including exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and TGFβ1), pharmacological compounds, or genetic engineering with lentiviral and adenoviral vectors, to enhance their therapeutic potential. Compared to native EVs, these modified EVs exhibit improved anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. The therapeutic efficacy of these preconditioned EVs has been evaluated in in vivo models of liver fibrosis, including CCl4, TAA, MCD diet, and AIH. Created using BioRender. Created in BioRender. Chiabotto, G. (2025) https://BioRender.com/7120wd6. AIH: Autoimmune hepatitis; CCl4: carbon tetrachloride; EVs: extracellular vesicles; HSC: hepatic stellate cell; MCD: methionine- and choline-deficient; MSCs: mesenchymal stromal cells; TAA: thioacetamide.
