REFERENCES
1. Yadagiri, B.; Narayanaswamy, K.; Sharma, G. D.; Singh, S. P. Carbazole core derived dyes: new non-fullerene acceptor for all small-molecule organic solar cells with very high open-circuit voltage of 1.12 V. Dyes. Pigm. 2021, 194, 109606.
2. Xiao, X.; Chalh, M.; Loh, Z. R.; et al. Strategies to achieve efficiencies of over 19% for organic solar cells. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 2025, 6, 102390.
4. Liu, B.; Sandberg, O. J.; Qin, J.; et al. Inverted organic solar cells with an in situ-derived SiOxNy passivation layer and power conversion efficiency exceeding 18%. Nat. Photonics. 2025, 19, 195-203.
5. Chen, C.; Wang, L.; Xia, W.; et al. Molecular interaction induced dual fibrils towards organic solar cells with certified efficiency over 20%. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 6865.
6. Shahid, A. M.; Rong, H. C.; Zhang, H.; et al. Manipulating heavy halogenated asymmetric terminals affords regio-regular hetero-fluorinated/brominated dual asymmetric acceptor with a binary photovoltaic efficiency of 20.3%. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65, e3817518.
7. Kadam, K. D.; Kim, H.; Khan, M. F.; et al. Role of interface engineering in amorphous InGaZnO ETL for non-fullerene organic solar cells. Surf. Interfaces. 2024, 44, 103626.
8. Jin, W.; Ginting, R. T.; Jin, S.; Kang, J. Highly stable and efficient inverted organic solar cells based on low-temperature solution-processed PEIE and ZnO bilayers. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2016, 4, 3784-91.
9. Xu, X.; Li, D.; Yuan, J.; Zhou, Y.; Zou, Y. Recent advances in stability of organic solar cells. EnergyChem 2021, 3, 100046.
10. Lee, S.; Jin, J. S.; Moon, H.; et al. Long-term thermal stability of nonfullerene organic solar cells via facile self-assembled interface passivation. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 3989-98.
11. Liang, H.; Bi, X.; Chen, H.; et al. A rare case of brominated small molecule acceptors for high-efficiency organic solar cells. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 4707.
12. Xu, X.; Xiao, J.; Zhang, G.; et al. Interface-enhanced organic solar cells with extrapolated T80 lifetimes of over 20 years. Sci. Bull. 2020, 65, 208-16.
13. Liu, B.; Qin, J.; Luo, Q.; Ma, C. Multifunctional interface engineering enables efficient and stable inverted organic photovoltaics. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 4880.
14. Günther, M.; Lotfi, S.; Rivas, S. S.; et al. The neglected influence of zinc oxide light-soaking on stability measurements of inverted organic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2209768.
15. Günther, M.; Blätte, D.; Oechsle, A. L.; et al. Increasing photostability of inverted nonfullerene organic solar cells by using fullerene derivative additives. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021, 13, 19072-84.
16. Yu, Y.; Wang, J.; Cui, Y.; et al. Cost-effective cathode interlayer material for scalable organic photovoltaic cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 8697-705.
17. Nie, H.; Huang, S.; Lai, C.; et al. Water/Alcohol-soluble conjugated polymers based on cyclopentadithiophene and fluorene as cathode interlayers elevate the stability and efficiency in organic solar cells. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2022, 5, 9495-502.
18. Kang, Q.; Ye, L.; Xu, B.; et al. A printable organic cathode interlayer enables over 13% efficiency for 1-cm2 organic solar cells. Joule 2019, 3, 227-39.
19. Wang, Y.; Zhou, D.; Lan, S.; et al. Small molecule perylene diimide derivatives with different bay site modifications as cathode interface layers for organic solar cells. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 496, 154206.
20. Shan, C.; Liu, T.; Zhou, J.; et al. High-performance organic solar cell and self-power photodetector with chemically robust, near-infrared acceptor enabled by strengthening interfacial contact and compositional modulation. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 471, 144451.
21. Yao, J.; Qiu, B.; Zhang, Z.; et al. Cathode engineering with perylene-diimide interlayer enabling over 17% efficiency single-junction organic solar cells. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2726.
22. Liu, T.; Sun, L.; Xie, C.; Wang, W.; Qin, F.; Zhou, Y. Bathocuproine as a cathode interlayer for nonfullerene organic solar cells with efficiency over 17%. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2021, 9, 23269-75.
23. Yoshida, H. Electron transport in bathocuproine interlayer in organic semiconductor devices. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015, 119, 24459-64.
24. Wang, X.; Liang, Q.; Zhang, A.; et al. Amide-based cathode interfacial layer with dual-modification mechanisms enables stable organic solar cells with high efficiency achieving 20%. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 9261-72.
25. Alishan, Y.; Joseph, A.; Pillai, A. B.; et al. Metal nanoclusters for interface engineering and improved photovoltaic performance in organic solar cells. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 35383-92.
26. Jahandar, M.; Prasetio, A.; Lee, C.; et al. Highly efficient flexible organic photovoltaic modules for sustainable energy harvesting under low-light condition via suppressing voltage-drop by metal-mediated cross-linkable polymer interfacial layer. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 448, 137555.
27. Fukagawa, H.; Suzuki, K.; Ito, H.; et al. Understanding coordination reaction for producing stable electrode with various low work functions. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 3700.
28. Hao, X.; Wang, S.; Fu, W.; Sakurai, T.; Masuda, S.; Akimoto, K. Novel cathode buffer layer of Ag-doped bathocuproine for small molecule organic solar cell with inverted structure. Org. Electron. 2014, 15, 1773-9.
29. Sathyadevan, Nair. A. C.; Rajan, A.; Raj, K. P. A.; et al. Fine tuning the work function of ZnO cathode buffer layers in organic solar cells by phenanthroline coordination. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2024, 7, 9011-22.
30. Jing, J.; Dong, S.; Zhang, K.; et al. In-situ self-organized anode interlayer enables organic solar cells with simultaneously simplified processing and greatly improved efficiency to 17.8%. Nano. Energy. 2022, 93, 106814.
31. Jeong, S.; Rana, A.; Kim, J. H.; et al. New ternary blend strategy based on a vertically self-assembled passivation layer enabling efficient and photostable inverted organic solar cells. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2206802.
32. Bin, Z.; Dong, G.; Wei, P.; et al. Making silver a stronger n-dopant than cesium via in situ coordination reaction for organic electronics. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 866.
33. Huang, Q.; Jing, J.; Zhang, K.; et al. Simultaneous improvement of efficiency and stability of inverted organic solar cellvia composite hole transport layer. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2022, 10, 23973-81.
34. Lin, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Magomedov, A.; et al. 18.73% efficient and stable inverted organic photovoltaics featuring a hybrid hole-extraction layer. Mater. Horiz. 2023, 10, 1292-300.
35. Chambon, S.; Derue, L.; Lahaye, M.; Pavageau, B.; Hirsch, L.; Wantz, G. MoO3 thickness, thermal annealing and solvent annealing effects on inverted and direct polymer photovoltaic solar cells. Materials 2012, 5, 2521-36.
36. Zhou, D.; Quan, J.; Zhang, H.; et al. Small-molecule electron transport layer with siloxane-functionalized side chains for nonfullerene organic solar cells. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2022, 14, 54063-72.
37. Xu, X.; Peng, Q. Hole/Electron transporting materials for nonfullerene organic solar cells. Chem. A. Eur. J. 2022, 28, e202104453.
38. Hu, L.; Liu, Y.; Mao, L.; et al. Chemical reaction between an ITIC electron acceptor and an amine-containing interfacial layer in non-fullerene solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2018, 6, 2273-8.
39. Lai; X; Chen; S; Gu; X; et al. Phenanthroline-carbolong interface suppress chemical interactions with active layer enabling long-time stable organic solar cells. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 3571.
40. Jiang, P.; Hu, L.; Sun, L.; Li, Z.; Han, H.; Zhou, Y. On the interface reactions and stability of nonfullerene organic solar cells. Chem. Sci. 2022, 13, 4714-39.
41. Lai, T.; Tsang, S.; Manders, J. R.; Chen, S.; So, F. Properties of interlayer for organic photovoltaics. Mater. Today. 2013, 16, 424-32.
42. Walker, B.; Choi, H.; Kim, J. Y. Interfacial engineering for highly efficient organic solar cells. Curr. Appl. Phys. 2017, 17, 370-91.
43. Alharbi, N. S.; Wang, C.; Alsaadi, F. E.; Rabah, S. O.; Tan, Z. A general approach of adjusting the surface-free energy of the interfacial layer for high-performance organic solar cells. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 2020, 4, 2000054.
44. Yin, Z.; Wei, J.; Zheng, Q. Interfacial materials for organic solar cells: recent advances and perspectives. Adv. Sci. 2016, 3, 1500362.
45. Schilinsky, P.; Waldauf, C.; Brabec, C. J. Recombination and loss analysis in polythiophene based bulk heterojunction photodetectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 3885-7.
46. Hartnagel, P.; Kirchartz, T. Understanding the light-intensity dependence of the short-circuit current of organic solar cells. Advcd. Theory. Sims. 2020, 3, 2000116.
47. Zeiske, S.; Li, W.; Meredith, P.; Armin, A.; Sandberg, O. J. Light intensity dependence of the photocurrent in organic photovoltaic devices. Cell. Rep. Phys. Sci. 2022, 3, 101096.






