fig10

Figure 10. (A) Characterization of PVDF synthesized at different temperatures, including chain defects and degree of crystallinity versus polymerization temperature, XRD patterns of the PVDF powder and film, FTIR spectra of PVDF films, dielectric spectroscopies of PVDF films, dielectric constants and dielectric losses of PVDF, and dielectric constants of PVDF with different degrees of defects^[101]. Reproduced from Ref.^[101] with permission from the American Chemical Society; (B) Electrocaloric effect and β phase distribution in solid-phase pressure-formed PVDF^[102]. Reproduced from Ref.^[102] with open access from Springer Nature, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND, no modifications to original figure. PVDF: Polyvinylidene fluoride; FTIR: fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; XRD: X-ray diffraction.