fig3

Figure 3. (A) Schematic depiction of the synthesis procedure for a-RuO₂/TiO₂ and c-RuO₂/TiO₂ catalysts. Electron diffraction pattern of (B) a-RuO₂/TiO₂ and (C) c-RuO₂/TiO₂; (D) Terminal voltage profiles of a-RuO₂/TiO₂ and c-RuO₂/TiO₂ electrodes at 0.04mA. Li 1s XPS spectra of (E) a-RuO₂/TiO₂ and (f) c-RuO₂/TiO₂ electrode in the fully discharged state. Figure 3A-F is reprinted with permission from^[44]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society; (G) Synthetic schematic of a-CoO and c-CoO; (H) Free energy diagrams and corresponding configurations for CO₂ photoreduction processes (color code: Co blue, O red, H white, C brown). Figure 3G and H is reprinted with permission from^[45]. Copyright 2025, John Wiley and Sons. XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.