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Figure 2. Structural and elemental characterization of the integrated 3D electrode. (A-E) 3D profilometry (A), optical (B and C), and SEM (D and E) images of the bare laser-machined NCM811 cathode, revealing a uniform vertical microchannel array. (F-I), Corresponding EDS elemental maps of Ni, Co, Mn, and O. (J-N), 3D profilometry (J), optical (K and L), and SEM (M and N) images of the composite cathode after solid polymer electrolyte infiltration, demonstrating complete channel filling. (O-R) Corresponding EDS maps of C, O, F, and S elements.