fig2

Figure 2. (A) Schematic illustration of four transport mechanisms responsible for SEI growth. (B) Decomposition pathway of EC; (B) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[36], Copyright © 2010, Royal Society of Chemistry. (C) Calculated electron tunneling barrier; (C) Reproduced from Ref.^[37], licensed under CC BY 4.0. (D) Coupled evolution of particle cracking, fresh-surface exposure, SEI regeneration, and the loss of active material and lithium inventory; (D) Reproduced from Ref.^[41], licensed under CC BY 3.0. (E) C₂H₄ evolution in an Mn²⁺-containing electrolyte; (E) Reproduced from Ref.^[48], licensed under CC BY 4.0.