fig5

Figure 5. Representative applications of PENGs in spinal cord injury repair. (A) In vivo repair of spinal cord injury using a biomimetic piezoelectric hydrogel (decellularized spinal-cord matrix reinforced with KNN nanoparticles, pDGK), adapted from Ref.^[137] under CC BY 4.0 license. (B) Ultrasound-activated wireless conductive piezoelectric hydrogel (PEDOT/polydopamine@BaTiO₃, WPC) for spinal cord injury repair, and its immunofluorescence images promoting nerve regeneration, adapted from Ref.^[138] under CC BY 4.0 license. (C) Ultrasound-assisted MgFe-LDH/NT3 nanoparticle therapy for neural stem cell differentiation and spinal cord injury recovery, adapted from Ref.^[140] under CC BY 4.0 license. (D) BaTiO₃-modified PVDF-based piezoelectric nanocapacitors (PNCs) for improving spinal cord injury outcomes and restoring neural innervation, adapted from Ref.^[141] under CC BY 4.0 license. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.