fig4

Figure 4. Representative piezoelectric and piezoelectric-hybrid strategies for sensorimotor functional restoration after peripheral nerve injury. (A) Implantable electrical stimulation (iES) system, including signal generation and its effects on neural cell and tissue regeneration, adapted from Ref.^[126] under CC BY 4.0 license. (B) Wireless electrical stimulation of the injured sciatic nerve by a millimeter-scale implantable magneto-mechano-electric transducer based on BTO piezoelectric ceramics, adapted from Ref.^[128] under CC BY 4.0 license. (C) Monitoring of rat motor function and output signals using a PLLA/BTO piezoelectric sensor (PBPS), adapted with permission from Ref.^[28]. Copyright © 2024 Wiley-VCH. (D) Ultrasound-activated aligned PLLA/PEO/Mg₂Si piezoelectric fibrous scaffold for repair of a 15 mm sciatic nerve defect, with evaluation of gastrocnemius muscle morphology and muscle-fiber area, adapted from Ref.^[131] under CC BY 4.0 license. **P < 0.01; ^#P < 0.05 vs. the indicated control group.