fig5

Figure 5. (A) Schematic of the inverted device architecture. (B) J-V curves of the champion devices for control and 3-MeOPy-treated SAMs; (C) SPO tracking at the maximum power point for the champion devices over 400 s; (D) EQE spectra and corresponding integrated J_sc; (E) Box plots showing the PCE distributions of different conditions based on reverse-scan measurements from 20 independent devices for each condition. The center line, box, and whiskers represent the median, interquartile range (25th-75th percentiles), and data within 1.5× the interquartile range, respectively. (F) J-V curve of the champion mini-module with an aperture area of 12.87 cm²; (G) EIS Nyquist plots, with the equivalent circuit shown in the inset; (H) V_oc as a function of light intensity, with the fitted values, $$ N_{i d}=\frac{n K T}{q} \\ $$; (I) Stability of unencapsulated devices in the dark under nitrogen atmosphere. BCP: Bathocuproine; PDADI: 1,3-propanediammonium iodide; 3MTPAI: 3-Methylthio-1-propylammonium iodide; ITO: Indium tin oxide; 4PADCB: 4-(7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazol-7-yl)butyl phosphonic acid; 3-FPy: 3-fluoropyridine; 3-MeOPy: 3-methoxypyridine; EQE: external quantum efficiency; PCE: power conversion efficiency; J_sc: short-circuit current; V_oc: open-circuit voltage; EIS: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; SPO: steady-state power output; J-V: current density-voltage.