fig2

Figure 2. Comparison of electrochemical models for lithium-ion batteries used in electrochemical-thermal coupled simulations. (A) DFN model of lithium-ion batteries, (A) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[54], under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. (B) SPM representation of lithium-ion batteries, (B) is reprinted with permission from Ref.^[54], under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. (C) schematic views of the ECM for a single cell, (D) pack-level electrical ECM constructed from repeated single-cell ECM units, and (E) the pack-level thermal ECM, (C-E) are reprinted with permission from Ref.^[58], under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. DFN: Doyle-Fuller-Newman; SPM: single-particle model; ECM: equivalent circuit model.