fig4

Figure 4. Morphologies and SEI compositions of the cycled Li metal anodes. (A) Coulombic efficiency of Li||Cu cells in HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. (B) Voltage-time profiles of Li||Li cells in HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. (C) SEM images of deposited Li on Cu substrate in Li||Cu cells with different electrolytes: HCE, TLE and PLE. (D) XPS analysis of C 1s, F 1s, and P 2p of Li metal anodes after 50 cycles in HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. (E) Nyquist plots of anode with HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. (F) Kinetics energy barrier of Li⁺ desolvation by Arrhenius analysis. (G) Tafel plots derived from CV for Li||Li cells with different electrolytes. (H) Cyclic voltammetry profiles for Li||Cu cells at a scan rate of 1 mV s^-1. (I) Coulombic efficiency of Li||Cu cells in HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes at 60 °C tested by modified Aurbach’s measurement. (J) Voltage-time profiles of Li||Li cells at 60 °C in HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes. (K) SEM images of deposited Li in Li||NCM811 cells after 50 cycles at 60 °C in HCE, TLE and PLE electrolytes.