fig3

Figure 3. (A) Cyclic voltammograms of the Zn anode (red line) and the amorphous manganese dioxide (a-MnO₂) cathode (blue line) at 2 mVs^-1 in 0.1 mol L^-1 Zn(NO₃)₂ aqueous electrolyte (pH 5.2) (Reproduced with permission from^[96]. Copyright 2012, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim). (B) Comparison of the absorption energies of H₂O and TG molecules on the Zn (002) crystal plane. (C) Difference in charge density between Zn slabs placed in parallel with TG or H₂O, along with the corresponding isosurfaces (yellow and green clusters represent electron density accumulation and depletion, respectively). (D) Corresponding two-dimensional (2D) contour map showing the interaction between Zn metal and TG or H₂O. (E) Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) isosurfaces of H₂O (left) and TG molecules (right). (F) Coulombic efficiency of Zn/Cu cells in different electrolytes at 2 mA cm^-2 and 1 mAh cm^-2. (G) Radial distribution functions and coordination numbers of Zn-O (TG) and Zn-O (H₂O) in 10% TG electrolytes. (B-G) Reproduced with permission from^[74]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH. (H) Schematic illustrations of Zn plating/stripping in aqueous electrolytes (top) and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-4 (bottom) (Reproduced with permission from^[75]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH).