fig3

Figure 3. Gas chromatography (GC) profiles of gases evolved during the (A) discharge and (B) charge processes. (A and B) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[21]. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier; Characterization of the hybrid Na-CO₂ battery electrode during discharge and recharge: (C) in-situ Raman spectra and (D) ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. (C and D) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[25]. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier; (E) In-situ Raman spectra of quasi-solid-state Na-CO₂ batteries. (E) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[32]. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier; (F) Ion chromatography (IC) analysis of the catholyte after discharge, (G) discharge/charge profiles, and (H) quasi-in-situ ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization of the catholyte at different discharge/charge stages. (F-H) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[28]. Copyright © 2024 John Wiley & Sons. PTFE: Polytetrafluoroethylene.