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Figure 7. Passive and active methods for hydrogen explosion and detonation suppression. (A) Distributed bagged dust barrier (top) and multi-layered water trough barrier (bottom). Reproduced with permission[182], Copyright 2022, Elsevier B.V. (B) Test of explosion venting without (left) and with a flameless venting device (right). Reproduced with permission[185], Copyright 2008, The Authors. (C) Porous materials hinder explosion spread through several physical mechanisms, including energy dissipation, acoustic damping, heat absorption, flame quenching, and thermal expansion and deformation. Reproduced with permission[186], Copyright 2023, Elsevier Ltd. (D) Morphology and structure of various typical porous materials: expanded aluminum mesh, spherical non-metallic substances, metallic foams, ceramic foams and aerogels. Reproduced with permission[187], Copyright 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC., permission[193], Copyright 2021, Taylor & Francis and permission[195], Copyright 2017, Elsevier Ltd. (E) Active explosion suppression system built on the high-pressure fire extinguisher. Reproduced with permission[196], Copyright 2021, The Author(s). (F) The principle of the active explosion suppression system. Reproduced with permission[198], Copyright 2021, The Author(s). (G) Graphical overview of the components in an active barrier system. Reproduced with permission[197], Copyright 2015, The Author(s).
