fig3

Figure 3. Hydrogen leakage and diffusion process. (A) Schematic diagram depicting hydrogen jets influenced by various mechanisms. (B) Illustration of successful ignition in an environment with a hydrogen concentration exceeding 10%, using a flow rate of 566 L/min through a 9.45 mm orifice. Reproduced with permission^[52], Copyright 2006, Elsevier Ltd. (C) Rayleigh scattering images of an unignited hydrogen leak from a tube with a diameter of 1.905 mm, at a flow rate of 10 slm. Reproduced with permission^[53], Copyright 2008, Elsevier Ltd. (D) The dynamics of gas flow, showing compression and expansion. Reproduced with permission^[56], Copyright 2024 The Authors. (E) Visualization of a hydrogen jet under a pressure of 0.98 MPa viewed vertically. Reproduced with permission^[57], Copyright 2012, Elsevier Ltd. (F and G) Two patterns demonstrating the mixing of hydrogen and air. Reproduced with permission^[47], Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (H) MIE for a H₂-O₂-N₂ mixture, maintaining a constant oxygen ratio of O₂/(O₂ + N₂) = 0.35, across various hydrogen and oxygen concentrations and four gap distances. Reproduced with permission^[64], Copyright 2011 The Authors.