fig3

Figure 3. Macroscopic behaviors of Si-based electrodes. (A₁-A₆) In situ TEM analysis of the Si/Li₂₁Si₅ electrode during lithiation and delithiation processes; (B₁ and B₂) SEM images of the cross-sections of Si and Si/Li₂₁Si₅ electrodes before and after lithiation. Reproduced with permission from Zhang et al., Energy & Environmental Science (2024). Copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry^[46]; (C) Porosity analysis of mercury intrusion into the Si electrode; Original, after 10 cycles, and after 100 cycles; (D) Porosity values calculated based on focused ion beam (FIB) cutting observations and mercury intrusion analysis, mass and thickness of 3 Si electrodes (original electrode, after 10 cycles, and after 100 cycles). Radvanyi et al., Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (2014). Copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry^[49]; Simulation of the pore structure at the interface between the PE diaphragm and Si electrode under pressures of 0 MPa (E) and 6 MPa (F). Seo et al., Nature Communications (2024). Copyright © Springer Nature^[50]. TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; PE: polyethylene.