REFERENCES

1. Hisatomi, T.; Yamada, T.; Nishiyama, H.; Takata, T.; Domen, K. Materials and systems for large-scale photocatalytic water splitting. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2025, 10, 769-82.

2. Guo, L.; Li, R.; Liu, J.; Xi, Q.; Fan, C. Study on hydrogen evolution efficiency of semiconductor photocatalysts for solar water splitting. Prog. Chem. 2020, 32, 46-54.

3. Mohapatra, L.; Parida, K. A review of solar and visible light active oxo-bridged materials for energy and environment. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2017, 7, 2153-64.

4. Ni, M.; Leung, M. K.; Leung, D. Y.; Sumathy, K. A review and recent developments in photocatalytic water-splitting using TiO₂ for hydrogen production. Renew. Sustain. Energy. Rev. 2007, 11, 401-25.

5. Wang, S.; Hou, H.; Cao, S.; Wang, L.; Yang, W. Properties and modulation strategies of ZnIn₂S₄ for photoelectrochemical water splitting: opportunities and prospects. Energy. Mater. 2025, 5, 500080.

6. Roda, D.; Trzciński, K.; Łapiński, M.; et al. The new method of ZnIn₂S₄ synthesis on the titania nanotubes substrate with enhanced stability and photoelectrochemical performance. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 21263.

7. Liu, J.; Ma, N.; Wu, W.; He, Q. Recent progress on photocatalytic heterostructures with full solar spectral responses. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 393, 124719.

8. Huang, Z.; Chen, B.; Ren, B.; et al. Smart mechanoluminescent phosphors: a review of strontium-aluminate-based materials, properties, and their advanced application technologies. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, e2204925.

9. Liu, X.; Chu, H.; Li, J.; et al. Light converting phosphor-based photocatalytic composites. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2015, 5, 4727-40.

10. Bidwai, D.; Kumar Sahu, N.; Dhoble, S. J.; Mahajan, A.; Haranath, D.; Swati, G. Review on long afterglow nanophosphors, their mechanism and its application in round-the-clock working photocatalysis. Methods. Appl. Fluoresc. 2022, 10, 032001.

11. Sakar, M.; Nguyen, C. C.; Vu, M. H.; Do, T. O. Materials and mechanisms of photo-assisted chemical reactions under light and dark conditions: can day-night photocatalysis Be achieved? ChemSusChem 2018, 11, 809-20.

12. Fei, Q.; Chang, C.; Mao, D. Luminescent properties of Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ and Ca₂MgSi₂O₇ long lasting phosphors activated by Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺. J. Alloys. Compd. 2005, 390, 133-7.

13. Jiang, T.; Wang, H.; Xing, M.; Fu, Y.; Peng, Y.; Luo, X. Luminescence decay evaluation of long-afterglow phosphors. Physica. B. Condens. Matter. 2014, 450, 94-8.

14. Cui, G.; Yang, X.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Round-the-clock photocatalytic hydrogen production with high efficiency by a long-afterglow material. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 1340-4.

15. Pei, L.; Ma, Z.; Zhong, J.; et al. Oxygen vacancy‐rich Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ long afterglow phosphor as a round‐the‐clock catalyst for selective reduction of CO₂ to CO. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2208565.

16. Shi, C.; Fu, Y.; Liu, B.; et al. The roles of Eu²⁺ and Dy³⁺ in the blue long-lasting phosphor Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺. J. Lumin. 2007, 122-123, 11-3.

17. Wu, H.; Hu, Y.; Wang, X. Investigation of the trap state of Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ phosphor and decay process. Radiat. Meas. 2011, 46, 591-4.

18. Lin, Y.; Nan, C.; Zhou, X.; et al. Preparation and characterization of long afterglow M₂MgSi₂O₇-based (M: Ca, Sr, Ba) photoluminescent phosphors. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2003, 82, 860-3.

19. Durga Prasad, K. A. K.; Rakshita, M.; Sharma, A. A.; et al. Enhanced blue emission and afterglow properties of Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ phosphors for flexible transparent labels. J. Appl. Phys. 2025, 137, 045102.

20. Wang, J.; Pan, R.; Yuan, Z.; et al. Functionalized Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:(Eu,Dy)@CdS heterojunction photocatalyst for round-the-clock hydrogen production. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 481, 148296.

21. Yang, X.; Tang, B.; Cao, X.; Ding, Y.; Huang, M. Light-storing assisted photocatalytic composite g-C₃N₄/Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:(Eu,Dy) with sustained activity. J. Photoch. Photobio. A. Chem. 2021, 411, 113202.

22. Tang, J.; Liu, X.; Liu, Y.; et al. Novel Z-scheme Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺/Ag₃PO₄ photocatalyst for round-the-clock efficient degradation of organic pollutants and hydrogen production. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 435, 134773.

23. Xu, M.; Wu, J.; Zheng, M.; Wang, J. Fabrication of active Z-scheme Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺/COF photocatalyst for round-the-clock efficient removal of total Cr. Molecules 2024, 29, 4327.

24. Tang, J.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, X.; et al. Fabrication of loaded Ag sensitized round-the-clock highly active Z-scheme BiFeO₃/Ag/Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺/Ag photocatalyst for metronidazole degradation and hydrogen production. J. Power. Sources. 2023, 580, 233433.

25. Bu, X.; Sun, T.; Liu, Y.; Mi, R.; Mei, L. Round-the-clock photocatalysis of plasmonic Ag-enhanced Z-scheme heterojunction material Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:(Eu,Dy)/gC₃N₄@Ag under visible-light irradiation. Mol. Catal. 2024, 552, 113674.

26. Zhang, H.; Sun, M.; Zhang, J.; et al. High performance long-afterglow phosphor-based ZnIn₂S₄/Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ photocatalyst capable of dark state long-term application for photocatalytic sterilization. J. Alloys. Compd. 2025, 1010, 176711.

27. Ma, X.; He, S.; Zhang, Z.; Meng, Z. Fabrication of double S-scheme Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺/ZnIn₂S₄/UiO-66-NH₂ heterojunctions with photon storage effect for enhanced round-the-clock photocatalysis. J. Alloys. Compd. 2025, 1010, 176993.

28. Yang, C.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, X.; Zhou, G.; Tang, J.; Liu, J. Sustainable photocatalytic process using non-silver agent ZnO/P-g-C₃N₄/Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ for antibacterial activity. J. Alloys. Compd. 2024, 1005, 176017.

29. Ruan, X.; Xu, M.; Ding, C.; et al. Cd single atom as an electron mediator in an S‐scheme heterojunction for artificial photosynthesis of H₂O₂. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2025, 15, 2405478.

30. Zhang, L.; Zhang, J.; Yu, J.; García, H. Charge-transfer dynamics in S-scheme photocatalyst. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2025, 9, 328-42.

31. Deng, J.; Xu, X.; Su, B.; et al. Structural amine-induced interfacial electrical double layers for efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution. Mater. Horiz. 2025, 12, 5702-9.

32. Tang, G.; Zhang, J.; Bie, C.; Zheng, X.; Jiang, C.; Yu, J. In situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation on charge transfer mechanism in COF/CdS S-scheme photocatalyst. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e14576.

33. Hu, L.; Liu, X.; Dai, R.; Lai, H.; Li, J. Enhancing photocatalytic H₂ evolution of Cd_0.5Zn_0.5S with the synergism of amorphous CoS cocatalysts and surface S^2- adsorption. Fuel 2025, 382, 133737.

34. Zhou, G.; Chen, Y.; Chen, G.; et al. Enhanced CO₂ photoreduction in pure water systems by surface-reconstructed asymmetric Mn-Cu sites. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. Energy. 2025, 361, 124617.

35. Hammes-Schiffer, S. A conundrum for density functional theory. Science 2017, 355, 28-9.

36. Pernal, K.; Hapka, M. In pursuit of universality. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2021, 5, 520-1.

37. He, H.; Canning, G. A.; Nguyen, A.; et al. Active-site isolation in intermetallics enables precise identification of elementary reaction kinetics during olefin hydrogenation. Nat. Catal. 2023, 6, 596-605.

38. Li, X.; Zhang, W.; Cui, W.; et al. Reactant activation and photocatalysis mechanisms on Bi-metal@Bi₂GeO₅ with oxygen vacancies: a combined experimental and theoretical investigation. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 370, 1366-75.

39. Sun, L.; Liu, X.; Jiang, X.; et al. An internal electric field and interfacial S-C bonds jointly accelerate S-scheme charge transfer achieving efficient sunlight-driven photocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2022, 10, 25279-94.

40. Zhang, Y.; Su, Q.; Wang, Z.; Gao, X.; Zhang, Z. Surface Modification of Mg-Al hydrotalcite mixed oxides with potassium. Acta. Phys. Chim. Sin. 2010, 26, 921-6.

41. Yu, Q.; Yan, C.; Deng, Y.; Feng, Y.; Liu, D.; Yang, B. Effect of Fe₂O₃ on non-isothermal crystallization of CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ glass. Trans. Nonferrous. Met. Soc. China. 2015, 25, 2279-84.

42. Quynh Lien, N. T.; Hong, T. T.; Van Do, P.; Van Tuyen, H. Influence of dopant concentration on Raman spectra and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters of red-emitting Eu³⁺-doped Sr₂MgSi₂O₇. Opt. Mater. 2025, 160, 116754.

43. Hanuza, J.; Ptak, M.; Mączka, M.; Hermanowicz, K.; Lorenc, J.; Kaminskii, A. Polarized IR and Raman spectra of Ca₂MgSi₂O₇, Ca₂ZnSi₂O₇ and Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ single crystals: temperature-dependent studies of commensurate to incommensurate and incommensurate to normal phase transitions. J. Solid. State. Chem. 2012, 191, 90-101.

44. Chougale, A. S.; Wagh, S. S.; Waghmare, A. D.; Jadkar, S. R.; Shinde, D. R.; Pathan, H. M. Boosting photoelectrochemical water splitting activity of zinc oxide by fabrication of ZnO/CdS heterostructure for hydrogen production. Adv. Compos. Hybrid. Mater. 2024, 7, 1023.

45. Dan, M.; Zhang, Q.; Yu, S.; Prakash, A.; Lin, Y.; Zhou, Y. Noble-metal-free MnS/In₂S₃ composite as highly efficient visible light driven photocatalyst for H₂ production from H₂S. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2017, 217, 530-9.

46. Dai, B.; Fang, J.; Yu, Y.; et al. Construction of infrared-light-responsive photoinduced carriers driver for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906361.

47. Boolakee, T.; Heide, C.; Garzón-Ramírez, A.; Weber, H. B.; Franco, I.; Hommelhoff, P. Light-field control of real and virtual charge carriers. Nature 2022, 605, 251-5.

48. Wang, K.; Li, Q.; Liu, B.; Cheng, B.; Ho, W.; Yu, J. Sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄ with enhanced photocatalytic CO₂-reduction performance. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2015, 176-177, 44-52.

49. Wang, J.; Niu, X.; Wang, R.; et al. High-entropy alloy-enhanced ZnCdS nanostructure photocatalysts for hydrogen production. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. Energy. 2025, 362, 124763.

50. Sun, H.; Mei, L.; Liang, J.; et al. Three-dimensional holey-graphene/niobia composite architectures for ultrahigh-rate energy storage. Science 2017, 356, 599-604.

51. Yang, Z.; Zhang, B.; Yan, C.; Xue, Z.; Mu, T. The pivot to achieve high current density for biomass electrooxidation: accelerating the reduction of Ni³⁺ to Ni²⁺. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2023, 330, 122590.

52. Mu, J.; Miao, H.; Liu, E.; et al. Enhanced light trapping and high charge transmission capacities of novel structures for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 11881-93.

53. Hu, T.; Dai, K.; Zhang, J.; Chen, S. Noble-metal-free Ni₂P modified step-scheme SnNb₂O₆/CdS-diethylenetriamine for photocatalytic hydrogen production under broadband light irradiation. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2020, 269, 118844.

54. Hu, Y.; Hao, X.; Cui, Z.; et al. Enhanced photocarrier separation in conjugated polymer engineered CdS for direct Z-scheme photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2020, 260, 118131.

55. Liu, J.; Yang, X.; Guo, X.; Jin, Z. Flowered molybdenum base trimetallic oxide decorated by CdS nanorod construct S-scheme heterojunctions for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2024, 196, 112-24.

56. Wang, Z.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, B.; Yu, J.; Fan, J. Step-scheme CdS/TiO₂ nanocomposite hollow microsphere with enhanced photocatalytic CO₂ reduction activity. J. Mater. Scie. Technol. 2020, 56, 143-50.

57. Chen, W.; Zhao, N.; Hu, M.; Liu, X.; Deng, B. Strengthened removal of tetracycline by a Bi/Ni Co-doped SrTiO₃/TiO₂ composite under visible light. Catalysts 2024, 14, 539.

58. Gatou, M. A.; Bovali, N.; Lagopati, N.; Pavlatou, E. A. MgO nanoparticles as a promising photocatalyst towards rhodamine B and rhodamine 6G degradation. Molecules 2024, 29, 4299.

59. Wang, Y.; Yao, L.; Wang, Y.; et al. Low-temperature catalytic CO₂ dry reforming of methane on Ni-Si/ZrO₂ catalyst. ACS. Catal. 2018, 8, 6495-506.

60. Yu, M.; Ong, J.; Tran, D.; et al. Low temperature Cu/SiO₂ hybrid bonding via <1 1 1>-oriented nanotwinned Cu with Ar plasma surface modification. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2023, 636, 157854.

61. Chen, M.; Yang, T.; Zhao, L.; et al. Manganese oxide on activated carbon with peroxymonosulfate activation for enhanced ciprofloxacin degradation: activation mechanism and degradation pathway. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2024, 645, 158835.

62. Bezkrovnyi, O. S.; Blaumeiser, D.; Vorokhta, M.; et al. NAP-XPS and in situ DRIFTS of the interaction of CO with Au nanoparticles supported by Ce_1-xEu_xO₂ nanocubes. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2020, 124, 5647-56.

63. Khataee, A.; Karimi, A.; Zarei, M.; Joo, S. W. Eu-doped ZnO nanoparticles: Sonochemical synthesis, characterization, and sonocatalytic application. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2020, 67, 102822.

64. Wu, H.; Xu, M.; Chang, C. Modulating the valence of Eu²⁺/Eu³⁺ in Sr₂MgSi₂O₇ for white luminescence. J. Alloys. Compd. 2024, 1002, 175430.

65. Yao, Z.; Zheng, G.; Dai, Z.; Zhang, L. Synthesis of the Dy:SrMoO₄ with high photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 2018, 32, e4412.

66. Yang, X.; Tang, B.; Cao, X. The roles of dopant concentration and defect states in the optical properties of Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺. J. Alloys. Compd. 2023, 949, 169841.

67. Jin, Z.; Wu, Y. Novel preparation strategy of graphdiyne (C_nH_2n-2): one-pot conjugation and S-Scheme heterojunctions formed with MoP characterized with in situ XPS for efficiently photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2023, 327, 122461.

68. Qiu, P.; Xu, C.; Chen, H.; et al. One step synthesis of oxygen doped porous graphitic carbon nitride with remarkable improvement of photo-oxidation activity: Role of oxygen on visible light photocatalytic activity. Appl. Catal. B. Environ. 2017, 206, 319-27.

69. Ruan, X.; Cui, X.; Cui, Y.; et al. Favorable energy band alignment of TiO₂ anatase/rutile heterophase homojunctions yields photocatalytic hydrogen evolution with quantum efficiency exceeding 45.6%. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2022, 12, 2200298.

70. Dorenbos, P. Mechanism of persistent luminescence in Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺;Dy³⁺. Phys. Stat. Sol. (b). 2005, 242.

71. Hölsä, J.; Kirm, M.; Laamanen, T.; Lastusaari, M.; Niittykoski, J.; Novák, P. Electronic structure of the Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺ persistent luminescence material. J. Lumin. 2009, 129, 1560-3.

72. Aitasalo, T.; Hassinen, J.; Hölsä, J.; et al. Synchrotron radiation investigations of the Sr₂MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,R³⁺ persistent luminescence materials. J. Rare. Earths. 2009, 27, 529-38.

73. Ruan, X.; Wang, Z.; Wei, Z.; et al. Electron cloud density localized graphitic carbon nitride with enhanced optical absorption and carrier separation towards photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 601, 154294.