fig1

Figure 1. GIWAXS of perovskite films before (A) and after (B) DMF passivation; (C) GIWAXS intensity integration curves of perovskite film crystallization; SEM images before (D) and after (E) passivation; (F) EDS spectra of the I/Pb ratio in FA_0.95Cs_0.05PbI₃ perovskite films at different energies before and after passivation; AFM images before (G) and after (H) passivation. DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide; Ra: surface roughness; GIWAXS: grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering; EDS: energy dispersive spectroscopy.