fig4

Figure 4. (A) Solar irradiation spectra under different air mass conditions (AM0, AM1.5 direct, AM1.5 G). (B) Light-IV characteristics of PSCs showing PCE and FF under the indicated illumination conditions^[103]. Copyright © 2016, Springer Nature. (C) Temperature coefficients of major photovoltaic technologies overlaid on the detailed balance limit of photovoltaic efficiency at 290 K; dashed lines indicate T_PCE at AM 1.5 under 1 sun and for the case without bandgap shift with temperature^[117]. Copyright © 2021, American Chemical Society. (D) Irradiation of PSCs with elastic non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL)-dominated 0.06 MeV proton beam (red) and 1.0 MeV proton beam (green), and remaining PCE for PSCs irradiated at various inelastic ionizing energy loss (IEL)/NIEL ratios^[26]. Copyright © 2024, Springer Nature.