fig1

Figure 1. Plasma-engineered synthesis and multi-scale characterization of the N-C@TiNb₂O₇ composite. (A) Schematic of the fabrication process; SEM images of (B) TNO array and (C) N-C@TNO array; HRTEM images of (D) TNO and (E) N-C@TNO; (F) EDX mapping of N-C@TNO showing elemental distribution. TNO: TiNb₂O₇, titanium niobium oxide; HRTEM: high-resolution transmission electron microscopy; EDX: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; PECVD: plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition; N-C: N-doped carbon; SEM: scanning electron microscope.