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Figure 4. Emission ratios between urban and rural residents in Europe, grouped by geographical region, and considering only emissions from transport and energy (A), Results of structural decomposition analysis as box plots for Western (B), Southern (C), and Eastern Europe (D), respectively, considering only transport and energy, with the indices for household size, consumption structure and total expenditure shown in green, red and blue, respectively. Error bars in a are given as 1 standard deviation of the results from the respective countries in the grouping. Box plots were made for 8, 5 and 10 countries for Western, Southern and Eastern Europe, respectively, and are presented at intervals of 5 years.