REFERENCES
1. Wu, J.; Xu, Y.; Liu, Z. A comprehensive review on agricultural greenhouse gas emission reductions in China: opportunities and challenges. Carbon. Footprints. 2024, 3, 17.
2. Lee, H. Climate change 2023: synthesis report, summary for policymakers. In: Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC, 2023; pp. 1-34.
3. Zhao, X.; Wang, Z.; Vasa, L.; Dincer, H. Unveiling the mechanisms and implications: how artificial intelligence drives green growth in China’s Huaihe River Ecological Economic Belt under the carbon neutrality agenda. Carbon. Footprints. 2025, 4, 16.
4. Jia, M.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, L.; et al. Optimization of electricity generation and assessment of provincial grid emission factors from 2020 to 2060 in China. Appl. Energy. 2024, 373, 123838.
5. Wang, S.; Gong, C.; He, K.; et al. The potential impacts of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on China's high-carbon industries. Energy 2025, 333, 137315.
6. Chen, G. Impact of carbon border adjustment mechanism on China's manufacturing sector: a dynamic recursive CGE model based on an evolutionary game. J. Environ. Manag. 2023, 347, 119029.
7. Topcheva, T. Direct and indirect carbon emissions in a production facility. Knowl. Int. J. 2023, 60, 427-30. Available from: https://ojs.ikm.mk/index.php/kij/article/view/6283 [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
8. Mörsdorf, G. A simple fix for carbon leakage? Assessing the environmental effectiveness of the EU carbon border adjustment. Energy. Policy. 2022, 161, 112596.
9. Peng, X.; Tao, X.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; Feng, K. CO2 emissions from the electricity sector during China's economic transition: from the production to the consumption perspective. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2021, 27, 1010-20.
10. Yuan, P.; Pu, Y.; Liu, C. Improving electricity supply reliability in China: cost and incentive regulation. Energy 2021, 237, 121558.
11. Zhao, Z.; Yang, H. Regional security assessment of integrated energy systems with renewables in China: a grid-connected perspective. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10299.
12. National Development and Reform Commission & National Energy Administration. 14th five-year plan for modern energy system. Available from: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-03/23/content_5680759.htm [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
13. National Development and Reform Commission. 14th five-year plan for renewable energy development. Available from: https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/tzgg/202206/t20220601_1326720.html?code=%26state=123 [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
14. National Development and Reform Commission & National Energy Administration. Guiding Opinions on accelerating the construction of a unified national electricity market system. Available from: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-01/30/content_5671296.htm [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
15. National Development and Reform Commission & National Energy Administration. Opinions on Improving the institutional mechanisms and policy measures for green and low-carbon energy transition. Available from: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-02/11/content_5673015.htm [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
16. General Office of the people's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Energy development planning of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region during the 14th five year plan period. Available from: https://www.nmg.gov.cn/zwgk/zfxxgk/zfxxgkml/ghxx/zxgh/202203/t20220304_2012787.html [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
17. General Office of Gansu Provincial People's Government. Energy development plan of Gansu Province during the 14th five year plan period. Available from: https://www.gansu.gov.cn/gsszf/c100055/202201/1947911.shtml [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
18. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council. Outline of regional integration development plan in the Yangtze River Delta. Available from: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-12/01/content_5457442.htm [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
19. General Office of Guangdong Provincial People's Government. The 14th five year plan for energy development in Guangdong Province. Available from: https://www.gd.gov.cn/zwgk/wjk/qbwj/yfb/content/post_3909371.html [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
20. Gong, C. C.; Ueckerdt, F.; Bertram, C.; et al. Multilevel emission impacts of electrification and coal pathways in China’s net-zero transition. Joule 2025, 9, 101945.
21. Knittel, T.; Lowry, C.; Mcpherson, M.; Wild, P.; Rowe, A. Electrifying end-use demands: a rise in capacity and flexibility requirements. Energy 2025, 320, 135373.
22. Knorr, L.; Buchenau, N.; Schlosser, F.; Divkovic, D.; Prina, M.; Meschede, H. Electrification and flexibility of process heat in energy system modelling: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy. Rev. 2025, 216, 115698.
23. Li, Z.; Li, X.; Lu, C.; Ma, K.; Bao, W. Carbon emission responsibility accounting in renewable energy-integrated DC traction power systems. Appl. Energy. 2024, 355, 122191.
24. Bertolini, M.; Duttilo, P.; Lisi, F. Accounting carbon emissions from electricity generation: a review and comparison of emission factor-based methods. Appl. Energy. 2025, 392, 125992.
25. Lou, Y.; Ye, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zuo, W. Long-term carbon emission reduction potential of building retrofits with dynamically changing electricity emission factors. Build. Environ. 2022, 210, 108683.
26. Hung, C. R.; Völler, S.; Agez, M.; Majeau-bettez, G.; Strømman, A. H. Regionalized climate footprints of battery electric vehicles in Europe. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 322, 129052.
27. V, A. K.; Verma, A.; Talwar, R. Optimal techno-economic sizing of a multi-generation microgrid system with reduced dependency on grid for critical health-care, educational and industrial facilities. Energy 2020, 208, 118248.
28. EPA. Electronic reporting of air emissions. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/webfire [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
29. IEA. Emissions factors 2024. Available from: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/emissions-factors-2024 [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
30. EEA. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2023. Available from: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2023 [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
31. Wei, X. K.; Tan, X. S.; Ruan, J. T.; et al. Research on carbon emission factors of regional and provincial power grids from 2005 to 2021. Clim. Chang. Res. 2024, 20, 337-50. Available from: https://www.climatechange.cn/EN/Y2024/V20/I3/337 [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
32. Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Tian, Y.; et al. Reduction of carbon emissions from China's coal-fired power industry: insights from the province-level data. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 242, 118518.
33. Tang, J.; Shan, R.; Wang, P.; et al. Deciphering decarbonization trajectories in China by spatiotemporal-accumulation modeling of electricity carbon footprint. iScience 2025, 28, 111963.
34. Zhang, L.; Du, Q.; Zhou, D.; Zhou, P. How does the photovoltaic industry contribute to China's carbon neutrality goal? Analysis of a system dynamics simulation. Sci. Total. Environ. 2022, 808, 151868.
35. Chen, S.; Liu, P.; Li, Z. Low carbon transition pathway of power sector with high penetration of renewable energy. Renew. Sustain. Energy. Rev. 2020, 130, 109985.
36. Lin, B.; Zhu, J. Chinese electricity demand and electricity consumption efficiency: do the structural changes matter? Appl. Energy. 2020, 262, 114505.
37. Ruan, Z.; Lu, X.; Yin, Z.; et al. Spatiotemporal carbon footprint and associated costs of wind power toward China's carbon neutrality. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 2024, 205, 107593.
38. An, M.; Sun, X. Carbon footprints of solar panels in China provinces based on different production and waste treatment scenarios. J. Clean. Prod. 2024, 435, 140453.
39. Liu, P.; Liu, L.; Xu, X.; Zhao, Y.; Niu, J.; Zhang, Q. Carbon footprint and carbon emission intensity of grassland wind farms in Inner Mongolia. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 313, 127878.
40. Barbera, E.; Mio, A.; Massi, Pavan. A.; Bertucco, A.; Fermeglia, M. Fuelling power plants by natural gas: an analysis of energy efficiency, economical aspects and environmental footprint based on detailed process simulation of the whole carbon capture and storage system. Energy. Convers. Manag. 2022, 252, 115072.
41. Wang, J.; Huang, W.; Ding, Y.; Dang, Y.; Ye, L. Forecasting the electric power load based on a novel prediction model coupled with accumulative time-delay effects and periodic fluctuation characteristics. Energy 2025, 317, 134518.
42. Jin, H.; Guo, J.; Tang, L.; Du, P. Long-term electricity demand forecasting under low-carbon energy transition: based on the bidirectional feedback between power demand and generation mix. Energy 2024, 286, 129435.
43. Wang, Y.; Yang, R.; Sun, L. A novel structure adaptive discrete grey Bernoulli model and its application in renewable energy power generation prediction. Expert. Syst. Appl. 2024, 255, 124481.
44. Shen, X.; Li, J.; Yin, Y.; Tang, J.; Lin, W.; Zhou, M. Carbon emission factors prediction of power grid by using graph attention network. Energy 2024, 121, 1945-61.
45. Leerbeck, K.; Bacher, P.; Junker, R. G.; et al. Short-term forecasting of CO2 emission intensity in power grids by machine learning. Appl. Energy. 2020, 277, 115527.
46. Barros, M. V.; Salvador, R.; Piekarski, C. M.; de, Francisco. A. C.; Freire, F. M. C. S. Life cycle assessment of electricity generation: a review of the characteristics of existing literature. Int. J. Life. Cycle. Assess. 2020, 25, 36-54.
47. Turconi, R.; Boldrin, A.; Astrup, T. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation technologies: Overview, comparability and limitations. Renew. Sustain. Energy. Rev. 2013, 28, 555-65.
48. Cellura, M.; Cusenza, M. A.; Longo, S. Energy-related GHG emissions balances: IPCC versus LCA. Sci. Total. Environ. 2018, 628-9, 1328-39.
49. Rogelj, J.; Meinshausen, M.; Knutti, R. Global warming under old and new scenarios using IPCC climate sensitivity range estimates. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2012, 2, 248-53.
50. Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Greenhouse gases - carbon footprint of products - requirements and guidelines for quantification. Available from: https://std.samr.gov.cn/gb/search/gbDetailed?id=208E903AB60379F3E06397BE0A0AB2B9 [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
51. Filonchyk, M.; Peterson, M. P.; Zhang, L.; Hurynovich, V.; He, Y. Greenhouse gases emissions and global climate change: examining the influence of CO2, CH4, and N2O. Sci. Total. Environ. 2024, 935, 173359.
52. Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Guidelines for accounting and reporting of enterprise greenhouse gas emissions for power generation facilities. Available from: https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk06/202212/t20221221_1008430.html [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
53. Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Announcement by the ministry of ecology and environment and the national bureau of statistics on the release of carbon dioxide emission factors for electricity in 2021. Available from: https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202404/t20240412_1070565.html [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
54. China Energy Statistical Yearbook. National Bureau of statistics. Beijing: China Statistics Press; 2023. Available from: https://data.cnki.net/yearBook/single?id=N2024050932&pinyinCode=YCXME [Last accessed on 30 Oct 2025].
55. The compilation of statistics on electric power industry 2022. China Electricity Council. Beijing: China Statistics Press; 2025. Available from: https://data.cnki.net/yearBook/single?id=N2024092334&pinyinCode=YDLGT [Last accessed on 30 Oct 2025].
56. IPCC. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/2006-ipcc-guidelines-for-national-greenhouse-gas-inventories/ [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
57. Chinese Academy of Engineering. Research on China’s carbon peak and carbon neutrality strategy and path. Available from: https://news.cctv.com/2022/03/31/ARTI4omye-8GCT6AyYdEVUf0v220331.shtml [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
58. Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Announcement on the release of carbon dioxide emission factor of electric power in 2022. Available from: https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202412/t20241226_1099413.html [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
59. Byers, E.; Krey, V.; Kriegler, E.; et al. AR6 Scenarios database. Available from: https://zenodo.org/records/7197970 [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
60. Chinese Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Announcement on the release of power carbon footprint factor data in 2023. Available from: https://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202501/t20250123_1101226.html [Last accessed on 29 Oct 2025].
61. Wang, M.; Yao, M.; Wang, S.; et al. Study of the emissions and spatial distributions of various power-generation technologies in China. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 278, 111401.
62. Xia, H.; Dai, L.; Sun, L.; et al. Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution pattern and driving factors of renewable energy power generation in China. Econ. Anal. Policy. 2023, 80, 414-28.
63. Wang, X.; Lu, Z.; Li, T.; Zhang, P. Carbon-neutral power system transition pathways for coal-dominant and renewable Resource-abundant regions: inner Mongolia as a case study. Energy. Convers. Manag. 2023, 285, 117013.
64. Tian, J.; Zhou, S.; Wang, Y. Assessing the technical and economic potential of wind and solar energy in China - A provincial-scale analysis. Environ. Impact. Assess. Rev. 2023, 102, 107161.
65. He, G.; Lin, J.; Sifuentes, F.; Liu, X.; Abhyankar, N.; Phadke, A. Rapid cost decrease of renewables and storage accelerates the decarbonization of China's power system. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 2486.
66. Li, M.; Li, F.; Qiu, J.; et al. Multi-objective optimization of non-fossil energy structure in China towards the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Energy 2024, 312, 133643.





