fig5

Figure 5. Net GHG balance (kg CO₂-eq ha^-1 year^-1) of yak grazing farm system under different grazing management. NGHG: Net GHG emission balance; HSR: high stocking rate; MSR: moderate stocking rate; LSR: low stocking rate; Fenced: no grazing. Negative values indicate uptake, and positive values indicate emission. FCO₂-Farm input refers to the indirect emissions of GHG originating from the combustion of fossil fuels to support agricultural operations, including herd management and electricity supply. F_manure indicates the total GHG emission from manure management, including CH₄ and N₂O emissions from yak night pens, manure heaps, dung and urine patches and CO₂ equivalents from the combustion of dry stored manure.