fig6

Figure 6. Normalized environmental impacts to the reference system for the proposed scenarios across terrestrial acidification (TAP), freshwater eutrophication (FEP), marine eutrophication (MEP), carcinogenic human toxicity (CTUh), particulate matter formation (PMFP), and terrestrial ecotoxicity (TETP). Scenarios are defined by biochar feedstock and AVS deployment levels: S1 (EOP, no AVS), S2 (EOP, 50% AVS), S3 (EOP-OP, 50% AVS), S4 (AVS-only, 100% AVS), and S5 (EOP-OP, 100% AVS). Black markers denote the net total impact with standard deviation (SD) from Monte Carlo simulation.