REFERENCES
3. von der Maase H, Hansen SW, Roberts JT, et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3068-77.
4. Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Rosenberg J, et al. A consensus definition of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:211-4.
5. Rajendran G, Taylor JA 3rd, Woolbright BL. Natural products as a means of overcoming cisplatin chemoresistance in bladder cancer. Cancer Drug Resist. 2021;4:69-84.
6. Ruiz de Porras V. Natural bioactive compounds: a potential therapeutic strategy to sensitize bladder cancer to cisplatin treatment? Cancer Drug Resist. 2022;5:339-43.
7. De Santis M, Bellmunt J, Mead G, et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:191-9.
8. Bellmunt J, de Wit R, Vaughn DJ, et al.; KEYNOTE-045 Investigators. Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1015-26.
9. Balar AV, Galsky MD, Rosenberg JE, et al.; IMvigor210 Study Group. Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2017;389:67-76.
10. Powles T, Park SH, Caserta C, et al. Avelumab first-line maintenance for advanced urothelial carcinoma: results from the JAVELIN bladder 100 trial after ≥ 2 years of follow-up. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:3486-92.
11. Galsky MD, Arija JÁA, Bamias A, et al.; IMvigor130 Study Group. Atezolizumab with or without chemotherapy in metastatic urothelial cancer (IMvigor130): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1547-57.
12. Powles T, Csőszi T, Özgüroğlu M, et al.; KEYNOTE-361 Investigators. Pembrolizumab alone or combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy as first-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma (KEYNOTE-361): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:931-45.
13. Powles T, van der Heijden MS, Castellano D, et al.; DANUBE study investigators. Durvalumab alone and durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (DANUBE): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21:1574-88.
14. van der Heijden MS, Sonpavde G, Powles T, et al.; CheckMate 901 Trial Investigators. Nivolumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin in advanced urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:1778-89.
15. Gupta S, Loriot Y, Van der Heijden MS, et al. Enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (EV-302): patient-reported outcomes from an open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2025;26:795-805.
16. Song Y, Du Y, Jiang S, Peng Y, Luo X, Xu T. Efficacy and safety of selective pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors in FGFR-altered urothelial carcinoma. Pharmacol Res. 2025;211:107543.
17. Song Y, Peng Y, Qin C, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutation attenuates response to immune checkpoint blockade in metastatic urothelial carcinoma by driving immunosuppressive microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer. 2023;11:e006643.
18. Chen HL, Chan VW, Tu YK, et al. Immune checkpoints inhibitors and chemotherapy as first-line treatment for metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a network meta-analysis of randomized phase III clinical trials. Cancers. 2021;13:1484.
19. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, et al.; Cochrane Bias Methods Group, Cochrane Statistical Methods Group. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928.
20. Tierney JF, Stewart LA, Ghersi D, Burdett S, Sydes MR. Practical methods for incorporating summary time-to-event data into meta-analysis. Trials. 2007;8:16.
21. Mou W, Deng Z, Zhu L, et al. Intratumoral mycobiome heterogeneity influences the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy outcomes in renal cell carcinoma. Sci Adv. 2025;11:eadu1727.
22. Powles T, Valderrama BP, Gupta S, et al.; EV-302 Trial Investigators. Enfortumab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab in Untreated Advanced Urothelial Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:875-88.
23. Rosenberg JE, Park SH, Kozlov V, et al. Durvalumab plus olaparib in previously untreated, platinum-ineligible patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter, randomized, phase II trial (BAYOU). J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:43-53.
24. Holmsten K, Jensen NV, Mouritsen LS, et al. Vinflunine/gemcitabine versus carboplatin/gemcitabine as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma: a randomised phase II trial (VINGEM). Eur J Cancer. 2020;127:173-82.
25. Necchi A, Van der Heijden MS, Trukhin D, et al. Pembrolizumab plus either epacadostat or placebo for cisplatin-ineligible urothelial carcinoma: results from the ECHO-307/KEYNOTE-672 study. BMC Cancer. 2024;23:1252.
26. An X, Xue C, Chen M, et al. Gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel vs gemcitabine/carboplatin for advanced urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int. 2024;134:63-71.
27. Jones R, Crabb S, Chester J, et al. A randomised Phase II trial of carboplatin and gemcitabine ± vandetanib in first-line treatment of patients with advanced urothelial cell cancer not suitable to receive cisplatin. BJU Int. 2020;126:292-9.
28. Matsubara N, de Wit R, Balar AV, et al. Pembrolizumab with or without lenvatinib as first-line therapy for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (LEAP-011): a phase 3, randomized, double-blind trial. Eur Urol. 2024;85:229-38.
29. O’Donnell PH, Milowsky MI, Petrylak DP, et al. Enfortumab vedotin with or without pembrolizumab in cisplatin-ineligible patients with previously untreated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:4107-17.
30. Park I, Kim BS, Lim HY, et al. Gemcitabine plus carboplatin versus gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin in cisplatin-unfit patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma: a randomised phase II study (COACH, KCSG GU10-16). Eur J Cancer. 2020;127:183-90.
