REFERENCES
1. Mahtani R, Kittaneh M, Kalinsky K, et al. Breast Cancer Therapy Expert Group (BCTEG). Advances in therapeutic approaches for triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2021;21:383-90.
2. Howard FM, Olopade OI. Epidemiology of triple-negative breast cancer: a review. Cancer J 2021;27:8-16.
3. Gupta GK, Collier AL, Lee D, et al. Perspectives on triple-negative breast cancer: current treatment strategies, unmet needs, and potential targets for future therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:2392.
4. Luo SP, Wu QS, Chen H, et al. Validation of the prognostic significance of the prognostic stage group according to the eighth edition of american cancer joint committee on cancer staging system in triple-negative breast cancer: an analysis from surveillance, epidemiology, and end results 18 database. J Surg Res 2020;247:211-9.
5. Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. Triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1938-48.
6. Giaquinto AN, Miller KD, Tossas KY, Winn RA, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Cancer statistics for African American/black people 2022. CA Cancer J Clin 2022;72:202-29.
7. Nwagu GC, Bhattarai S, Swahn M, Ahmed S, Aneja R. Prevalence and mortality of triple-negative breast cancer in west africa: biologic and sociocultural factors. JCO Glob Oncol 2021;7:1129-40.
8. DeSantis CE, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019;69:211-33.
9. Newman LA, Jenkins B, Chen Y, et al. Hereditary susceptibility for triple negative breast cancer associated with western sub-saharan african ancestry: results from an international surgical breast cancer collaborative. Ann Surg 2019;270:484-92.
10. Bianchini G, Balko JM, Mayer IA, Sanders ME, Gianni L. Triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016;13:674-90.
11. Boyle P. Triple-negative breast cancer: epidemiological considerations and recommendations. Ann Oncol 2012;23 Suppl 6:vi7-12.
12. Pal SK, Childs BH, Pegram M. Triple negative breast cancer: unmet medical needs. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;125:627-36.
13. Carey L, Winer E, Viale G, Cameron D, Gianni L. Triple-negative breast cancer: disease entity or title of convenience? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010;7:683-92.
14. Scott LC, Mobley LR, Kuo TM, Il'yasova D. Update on triple-negative breast cancer disparities for the United States: a population-based study from the United States Cancer Statistics database, 2010 through 2014. Cancer 2019;125:3412-7.
15. Thomas A, Rhoads A, Pinkerton E, et al. Incidence and survival among young women with stage I-III breast cancer: SEER 2000-2015. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019;3:pkz040.
16. Howlader N, Cronin KA, Kurian AW, Andridge R. Differences in breast cancer survival by molecular subtypes in the united states. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27:619-26.
17. Newman LA, Kaljee LM. Health disparities and triple-negative breast cancer in african american women: a review. JAMA Surg 2017;152:485-93.
18. Zardavas D, Irrthum A, Swanton C, Piccart M. Clinical management of breast cancer heterogeneity. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015;12:381-94.
19. Schroeder MC, Rastogi P, Geyer CE Jr, Miller LD, Thomas A. Early and locally advanced metaplastic breast cancer: presentation and survival by receptor status in surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) 2010-2014. Oncologist 2018;23:481-8.
20. Andreopoulou E, Schweber SJ, Sparano JA, McDaid HM. Therapies for triple negative breast cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015;16:983-98.
21. Kennedy WR, Tricarico C, Gabani P, et al. Predictors of distant metastases in triple-negative breast cancer without pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020;18:288-96.
22. Savard MF, Khan O, Hunt KK, Verma S. Redrawing the lines: the next generation of treatment in metastatic breast cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019;39:e8-e21.
23. Gabani P, Merfeld E, Srivastava AJ, et al. Predictors of locoregional recurrence after failure to achieve pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2019;17:348-56.
24. Gradishar WJ, Moran MS, Abraham J, et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Breast Cancer, Version 4.2021. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2021;19:484-93.
25. Nedeljković M, Damjanović A. Mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer-how we can rise to the challenge. Cells 2019;8:957.
26. Ciriello G, Gatza ML, Beck AH, et al. TCGA Research Network. Comprehensive molecular portraits of invasive lobular breast cancer. Cell 2015;163:506-19.
27. Isakoff SJ, Mayer EL, He L, et al. TBCRC009: A multicenter phase ii clinical trial of platinum monotherapy with biomarker assessment in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:1902-9.
28. Genome Atlas Network. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2012;490:61-70.
29. Andreopoulou E, Kelly CM, McDaid HM. Therapeutic advances and new directions for triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Care (Basel) 2017;12:21-8.
30. Savas P, Loi S. Expanding the role for immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2020;37:623-4.
31. Killock D. Chemotherapy as a TONIC to invigorate PD-1 inhibition in TNBC. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019;16:464.
33. Schmid P, Rugo HS, Adams S, et al. Atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel as first-line treatment for unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (IMpassion130): updated efficacy results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:44-59.
34. Adams S, Diéras V, Barrios CH, et al. Patient-reported outcomes from the phase III IMpassion130 trial of atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2020;31:582-9.
35. Schmid P, Cortes J, Pusztai L, et al. KEYNOTE-522 Investigators. Pembrolizumab for early triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;382:810-21.
36. Nanda R, Liu MC, Yau C, et al. Effect of pembrolizumab plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy on pathologic complete response in women with early-stage breast cancer: an analysis of the ongoing phase 2 adaptively randomized I-SPY2 trial. JAMA Oncol 2020;6:676-84.
37. Schmid P, Cortes J, Dent R, et al. KEYNOTE-522 Investigators. Event-free survival with pembrolizumab in early triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386:556-67.
38. Cortes J, Cescon DW, Rugo HS, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for previously untreated locally recurrent inoperable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-355): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. The Lancet 2020;396:1817-28.
39. Kennedy LB, Salama AKS. A review of cancer immunotherapy toxicity. CA Cancer J Clin 2020;70:86-104.
40. Symmans WF, Wei C, Gould R, et al. Long-term prognostic risk after neoadjuvant chemotherapy associated with residual cancer burden and breast cancer subtype. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:1049-60.
41. Symmans WF, Peintinger F, Hatzis C, et al. Measurement of residual breast cancer burden to predict survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4414-22.
42. Weiss A, Campbell J, Ballman KV, et al. Factors associated with nodal pathologic complete response among breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy: results of CALGB 40601 (HER2+) and 40603 (Triple-Negative) (Alliance). Ann Surg Oncol 2021;28:5960-71.
43. LeVasseur N, Sun J, Gondara L, et al. Impact of pathologic complete response on survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer: a population-based analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020;146:529-36.
44. Cortazar P, Zhang L, Untch M, et al. Pathological complete response and long-term clinical benefit in breast cancer: the CTNeoBC pooled analysis. The Lancet 2014;384:164-72.
45. Wu K, Yang Q, Liu Y, Wu A, Yang Z. Meta-analysis on the association between pathologic complete response and triple-negative breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. World J Surg Oncol 2014;12:95.
46. Biswas T, Efird JT, Prasad S, Jindal C, Walker PR. The survival benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and pCR among patients with advanced stage triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017;8:112712-9.
47. Esserman LJ, Berry DA, DeMichele A, et al. Pathologic complete response predicts recurrence-free survival more effectively by cancer subset: results from the I-SPY 1 TRIAL--CALGB 150007/150012, ACRIN 6657. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:3242-9.
48. Symmans WF, Yau C, Chen YY, et al. Assessment of residual cancer burden and event-free survival in neoadjuvant treatment for high-risk breast cancer: an analysis of data from the I-SPY2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:1654-63.
49. Echeverria GV, Ge Z, Seth S, et al. Resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer mediated by a reversible drug-tolerant state. Sci Transl Med 2019;11:eaav0936.
50. Carbognin L, Furlanetto J, Vicentini C, et al. Neoadjuvant strategies for triple negative breast cancer: ‘state-of-the-art’ and future perspectives. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2015;15:15-25.
51. Mougalian SS, Soulos PR, Killelea BK, et al. Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage I to III breast cancer in the United States. Cancer 2015;121:2544-52.
52. Masuda N, Lee SJ, Ohtani S, et al. Adjuvant capecitabine for breast cancer after preoperative chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2017;376:2147-59.
53. Gradishar WJ, Anderson BO, Abraham J, et al. Breast Cancer, Version 3.2020, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020;18:452-78.
54. Li Y, Zhou Y, Mao F, et al. Adjuvant addition of capecitabine to early-stage triple-negative breast cancer patients receiving standard chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020;179:533-42.
55. DeSantis CE, Ma J, Gaudet MM, et al. Breast cancer statistics, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin 2019;69:438-51.
56. Carey LA, Winer EP. I-SPY 2--toward more rapid progress in breast cancer treatment. N Engl J Med 2016;375:83-4.
57. Zong Y, Pegram M. Research advances and new challenges in overcoming triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Drug Resist 2021;4:517-42.
58. O’Reilly D, Sendi MA, Kelly CM. Overview of recent advances in metastatic triple negative breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2021;12:164-82.
59. Konner M. Progress in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2020;382:e4.
61. Cao J, Zhang M, Wang B, Zhang L, Zhou F, Fang M. Chemoresistance and metastasis in breast cancer molecular mechanisms and novel clinical strategies. Front Oncol 2021;11:658552.
62. Marra A, Curigliano G. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment of triple-negative breast cancer with chemotherapy. Cancer J 2021;27:41-9.
63. Kumar S, Nandi A, Singh S, et al. Dll1+ quiescent tumor stem cells drive chemoresistance in breast cancer through NF-κB survival pathway. Nat Commun 2021;12:432.
64. Wu SZ, Roden DL, Wang C, et al. Stromal cell diversity associated with immune evasion in human triple-negative breast cancer. EMBO J 2020;39:e104063.
65. Cazet AS, Hui MN, Elsworth BL, et al. Targeting stromal remodeling and cancer stem cell plasticity overcomes chemoresistance in triple negative breast cancer. Nat Commun 2018;9:2897.
66. Kabraji S, Solé X, Huang Y, et al. AKT1low quiescent cancer cells persist after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2017;19:88.
67. Zhang Y, Chen H, Mo H, et al. Single-cell analyses reveal key immune cell subsets associated with response to PD-L1 blockade in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2021;39:1578-1593.e8.
68. Chakrabarty A, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya R, Chowdhury G. Senescence-induced chemoresistance in triple negative breast cancer and evolution-based treatment strategies. Front Oncol 2021;11:674354.
69. Kvokačková B, Remšík J, Jolly MK, Souček K. Phenotypic heterogeneity of triple-negative breast cancer mediated by epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:2188.
70. Marra A, Trapani D, Viale G, Criscitiello C, Curigliano G. Practical classification of triple-negative breast cancer: intratumoral heterogeneity, mechanisms of drug resistance, and novel therapies. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020;6:54.
71. Kim C, Gao R, Sei E, et al. Chemoresistance evolution in triple-negative breast cancer delineated by single-cell sequencing. Cell 2018;173:879-893.e13.
72. Gupta G, Lee CD, Guye ML, et al. Unmet clinical need: developing prognostic biomarkers and precision medicine to forecast early tumor relapse, detect chemo-resistance and improve overall survival in high-risk breast cancer. Ann Breast Cancer Ther 2020;4:48-57.
73. Dias Carvalho P, Guimarães CF, Cardoso AP, et al. KRAS oncogenic signaling extends beyond cancer cells to orchestrate the microenvironment. Cancer Res 2018;78:7-14.
74. Loi S, Dushyanthen S, Beavis PA, et al. RAS/MAPK Activation is associated with reduced tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: therapeutic cooperation between MEK and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:1499-509.
75. Jiang W, Wang X, Zhang C, Xue L, Yang L. Expression and clinical significance of MAPK and EGFR in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2020;19:1842-8.
76. van Reesema LLS, Zheleva V, Winston JS, et al. SIAH and EGFR, two RAS pathway biomarkers, are highly prognostic in locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer. EBioMedicine 2016;11:183-98.
77. Van Sciver RE, Njogu MM, Isbell AJ, et al. Blocking SIAH proteolysis, an important K-RAS vulnerability, to control and eradicate K-RAS-driven metastatic cancer. In: Azmi AS, editor Conquering RAS : from biology to cancer therapy. Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier/AP, Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. 2016.
78. Wright KL, Adams JR, Liu JC, et al. Ras signaling is a key determinant for metastatic dissemination and poor survival of luminal breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 2015;75:4960-72.
79. Simon MA, Carthew RW, Fortini ME, Gaul U, Mardon G, Rubin GM. Signal transduction pathway initiated by activation of the sevenless tyrosine kinase receptor. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1992;57:375-80.
80. Zipursky SL, Rubin GM. Determination of neuronal cell fate: lessons from the R7 neuron of Drosophila. Annu Rev Neurosci 1994;17:373-97.
81. Zipursky SL, Rubin GM. Determination of neuronal cell fate: lessons from the R7 neuron of Drosophila. Annu Rev Neurosci 1994;17:373-97.
82. Schmidt RL, Park CH, Ahmed AU, et al. Inhibition of RAS-mediated transformation and tumorigenesis by targeting the downstream E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia homologue. Cancer Res 2007;67:11798-810.
83. Ahmed AU, Schmidt RL, Park CH, et al. Effect of disrupting seven-in-absentia homolog 2 function on lung cancer cell growth. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1606-29.
84. Pepper IJ, Van Sciver RE, Tang AH. Phylogenetic analysis of the SINA/SIAH ubiquitin E3 ligase family in Metazoa. BMC Evol Biol 2017;17:182.
85. Van Sciver RE, Lee MP, Lee CD, et al. A new strategy to control and eradicate “undruggable” oncogenic k-ras-driven pancreatic cancer: molecular insights and core principles learned from developmental and evolutionary biology. Cancers (Basel) 2018;10:142.
86. Tang AH, Neufeld TP, Kwan E, Rubin GM. PHYL acts to down-regulate TTK88, a transcriptional repressor of neuronal cell fates, by a SINA-dependent mechanism. Cell 1997;90:459-67.
87. Hu G, Chung YL, Glover T, Valentine V, Look AT, Fearon ER. Characterization of human homologs of the Drosophila seven in absentia (sina) gene. Genomics 1997;46:103-11.
88. Carthew RW, Rubin GM. seven in absentia, a gene required for specification of R7 cell fate in the Drosophila eye. Cell 1990;63:561-77.
