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Figure 2. The bidirectional role of TMVs in tumor development. TMVs derived from tumor cells could promote tumor progression via transferring cancerous molecules^[13,62]. Simultaneously, they act as a functional regulator to modulate DC cells based on CD8⁺ T cell activation, which provokes cytotoxic T cell infiltration and inhibits tumor development^[77]. Created with BioRender.com. TMVs: Tumor-derived microvesicles.