REFERENCES
1. Martins I, Ribeiro IP, Jorge J, et al. Liquid biopsies: applications for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Genes (Basel) 2021;12:349.
2. Freitas C, Sousa C, Machado F, et al. The role of liquid biopsy in early diagnosis of lung cancer. Front Oncol 2021;11:634316.
3. Diamantopoulou Z, Castro-Giner F, Aceto N. Circulating tumor cells: ready for translation? J Exp Med 2020;217:e20200356.
4. Ashworth TR. A case of cancer in which cells similar to those in the tumours were seen in the blood after death. Aust Med J 1869;14:146.
5. Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast.1889. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1989;8:98-101.
7. Joosse SA, Gorges TM, Pantel K. Biology, detection, and clinical implications of circulating tumor cells. EMBO Mol Med 2015;7:1-11.
8. Balakrishnan A, George IA, Kumar P. Circulating tumor cells as an emerging tool in cancer therapy. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2020;25:606-31.
9. Cristofanilli M, Hayes DF, Budd GT, et al. Circulating tumor cells: a novel prognostic factor for newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:1420-30.
10. Cohen SJ, Punt CJ, Iannotti N, et al. Relationship of circulating tumor cells to tumor response, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3213-21.
11. de Bono JS, Scher HI, Montgomery RB, et al. Circulating tumor cells predict survival benefit from treatment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:6302-9.
12. Guo T, Wang CS, Wang W, Lu Y. Culture of circulating tumor cells - holy grail and big challenge. Int J Cancer Clin Res 2016;3:065.
13. Huang QQ, Chen XX, Jiang W, et al. Sensitive and specific detection of circulating tumor cells promotes precision medicine for cancer. J Cancer Metastasis Treat 2019;5:34.
14. Alix-Panabières C, Pantel K. Circulating tumor cells: liquid biopsy of cancer. Clin Chem 2013;59:110-8.
17. Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C. Functional studies on viable circulating tumor cells. Clin Chem 2016;62:328-34.
18. Alix-Panabières C, Bartkowiak K, Pantel K. Functional studies on circulating and disseminated tumor cells in carcinoma patients. Mol Oncol 2016;10:443-9.
19. Yu M, Bardia A, Aceto N, et al. Cancer therapy. Ex vivo culture of circulating breast tumor cells for individualized testing of drug susceptibility. Science 2014;345:216-20.
20. Hamilton G, Rath B, Holzer S, Hochmair M. Second-line therapy for small cell lung cancer: exploring the potential role of circulating tumor cells. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016;5:71-7.
21. Grillet F, Bayet E, Villeronce O, et al. Circulating tumour cells from patients with colorectal cancer have cancer stem cell hallmarks in ex vivo culture. Gut 2017;66:1802-10.
22. Brungs D, Minaei E, Piper AK, et al. Establishment of novel long-term cultures from EpCAM positive and negative circulating tumour cells from patients with metastatic gastroesophageal cancer. Sci Rep 2020;10:539.
23. Lee HL, Chiou JF, Wang PY, et al. Ex vivo expansion and drug sensitivity profiling of circulating tumor cells from patients with small cell lung cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020;12:3394.
24. Krog BL, Henry MD. Biomechanics of the circulating tumor cell microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1092:209-233.
25. Lambert AW, Pattabiraman DR, Weinberg RA. Emerging biological principles of metastasis. Cell 2017;168:670-91.
26. Micalizzi DS, Maheswaran S, Haber DA. A conduit to metastasis: circulating tumor cell biology. Genes Dev 2017;31:1827-40.
27. Wheelock MJ, Shintani Y, Maeda M, Fukumoto Y, Johnson KR. Cadherin switching. J Cell Sci 2008;121:727-35.
29. Harney AS, Arwert EN, Entenberg D, et al. Real-time imaging reveals local, transient vascular permeability, and tumor cell intravasation stimulated by TIE2hi macrophage-derived VEGFA. Cancer Discov 2015;5:932-43.
30. Aceto N, Bardia A, Miyamoto DT, et al. Circulating tumor cell clusters are oligoclonal precursors of breast cancer metastasis. Cell 2014;158:1110-22.
31. Butler TP, Gullino PM. Quantitation of cell shedding into efferent blood of mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1975;35:512-6.
33. Lozar T, Gersak K, Cemazar M, Kuhar CG, Jesenko T. The biology and clinical potential of circulating tumor cells. Radiol Oncol 2019;53:131-47.
34. Racila E, Euhus D, Weiss AJ, et al. Detection and characterization of carcinoma cells in the blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:4589-94.
35. Lin D, Shen L, Luo M, et al. Circulating tumor cells: biology and clinical significance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021;6:404.
36. Abylkassov R, Xie Y. Role of Yes-associated protein in cancer: an update. Oncol Lett 2016;12:2277-82.
37. Garrido-Navas C, de Miguel-Perez D, Exposito-Hernandez J, et al. Cooperative and escaping mechanisms between circulating tumor cells and blood constituents. Cells 2019;8:1382.
38. Tsubakihara Y, Moustakas A. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis under the control of transforming growth factor β. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:3672.
39. Li N. Platelets in cancer metastasis: to help the “villain” to do evil. Int J Cancer 2016;138:2078-87.
40. Wyckoff J, Wang W, Lin EY, et al. A paracrine loop between tumor cells and macrophages is required for tumor cell migration in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 2004;64:7022-9.
41. Zhang L, Ridgway LD, Wetzel MD, et al. The identification and characterization of breast cancer CTCs competent for brain metastasis. Sci Transl Med 2013;5:180ra48.
42. Soler A, Cayrefourcq L, Mazel M, Alix-panabières C. . EpCAM-independent enrichment and detection of viable circulating tumor cells using the EPISPOT assay. In: Magbanua MJ, W. Park J, editors. Circulating tumor cells. New York: Springer; 2017. p. 263-76.
43. Hu X, Zang X, Lv Y. Detection of circulating tumor cells: advances and critical concerns. Oncol Lett 2021;21:422.
44. Zhou J, Kulasinghe A, Bogseth A, O’Byrne K, Punyadeera C, Papautsky I. Isolation of circulating tumor cells in non-small-cell-lung-cancer patients using a multi-flow microfluidic channel. Microsyst Nanoeng 2019;5:8.
45. Li X, Li Y, Shao W, Li Z, Zhao R, Ye Z. Strategies for enrichment of circulating tumor cells. Transl Cancer Res 2020;9:2012-25.
46. Kolostova K, Cegan M, Bobek V. Circulating tumour cells in patients with urothelial tumours: enrichment and in vitro culture. Can Urol Assoc J 2014;8:E715-20.
47. Kolostova K, Spicka J, Matkowski R, Bobek V. Isolation, primary culture, morphological and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in gynecological cancers. Am J Transl Res 2015;7:1203-13.
48. Kolostova K, Matkowski R, Jędryka M, et al. The added value of circulating tumor cells examination in ovarian cancer staging. Am J Cancer Res 2015;5:3363-75.
49. Bobek V, Gurlich R, Eliasova P, Kolostova K. Circulating tumor cells in pancreatic cancer patients: enrichment and cultivation. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:17163-70.
50. Xu L, Mao X, Imrali A, et al. Optimization and evaluation of a novel size based circulating tumor cell isolation system. PLoS One 2015;10:e0138032.
51. Seal SH. Silicone flotation: A simple quantitative method for the isolation of free-floating cancer cells from the blood. Cancer 1959;12:590-5.
52. Rosado M, Silva R, G. Bexiga M, G. Jones J, Manadas B, Anjo SI. Advances in biomarker detection: alternative approaches for blood-based biomarker detection. Adv Clin Chem 2019;92:141-99.
53. Kapeleris J, Kulasinghe A, Warkiani ME, et al. Ex vivo culture of circulating tumour cells derived from non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020;9:1795-809.
54. Lu J, Fan T, Zhao Q, et al. Isolation of circulating epithelial and tumor progenitor cells with an invasive phenotype from breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2010;126:669-83.
55. Pallante P, Pisapia P, Bellevicine C, Malapelle U, Troncone G. Circulating tumour cells in predictive molecular pathology: focus on drug-sensitive assays and 3D culture. Acta Cytol 2019;63:171-81.
56. Bobek V, Kacprzak G, Rzechonek A, Kolostova K. Detection and cultivation of circulating tumor cells in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Anticancer Res 2014;34:2565-9.
57. Zhang Z, Shiratsuchi H, Lin J, et al. Expansion of CTCs from early stage lung cancer patients using a microfluidic co-culture model. Oncotarget 2014;5:12383-97.
58. Bobek V, Matkowski R, Gürlich R, et al. Cultivation of circulating tumor cells in esophageal cancer. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2014;52:171-7.
59. Cegan M, Kolostova K, Matkowski R, et al. In vitro culturing of viable circulating tumor cells of urinary bladder cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014;7:7164-71.
60. Kulasinghe A, Perry C, Warkiani ME, et al. Short term ex-vivo expansion of circulating head and neck tumour cells. Oncotarget 2016;7:60101-9.
61. Gao D, Vela I, Sboner A, et al. Organoid cultures derived from patients with advanced prostate cancer. Cell 2014;159:176-87.
62. Cayrefourcq L, Mazard T, Joosse S, et al. Establishment and characterization of a cell line from human circulating colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 2015;75:892-901.
63. Soler A, Cayrefourcq L, Mazard T, et al. Autologous cell lines from circulating colon cancer cells captured from sequential liquid biopsies as model to study therapy-driven tumor changes. Sci Rep 2018;8:15931.
64. Tellez-Gabriel M, Cochonneau D, Cadé M, Jubellin C, Heymann MF, Heymann D. Circulating tumor cell-derived pre-clinical models for personalized medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2018;11:19.
65. Pretlow TG, Schwartz S, Giaconia JM, et al. Prostate cancer and other xenografts from cells in peripheral blood of patients. Cancer Res 2000;60:4033-6.
66. Baccelli I, Schneeweiss A, Riethdorf S, et al. Identification of a population of blood circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients that initiates metastasis in a xenograft assay. Nat Biotechnol 2013;31:539-44.
67. Hodgkinson CL, Morrow CJ, Li Y, et al. Tumorigenicity and genetic profiling of circulating tumor cells in small-cell lung cancer. Nat Med 2014;20:897-903.
68. Brock G, Castellanos-Rizaldos E, Hu L, Coticchia C, Skog J. Liquid biopsy for cancer screening, patient stratification and monitoring. Transl Cancer Res 2015;4:280-90.
69. Wan L, Pantel K, Kang Y. Tumor metastasis: moving new biological insights into the clinic. Nat Med 2013;19:1450-64.
70. Riethdorf S, Müller V, Zhang L, et al. Detection and HER2 expression of circulating tumor cells: prospective monitoring in breast cancer patients treated in the neoadjuvant GeparQuattro trial. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:2634-45.
71. Ignatiadis M, Rothé F, Chaboteaux C, et al. HER2-positive circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. PLoS One 2011;6:e15624.
72. Hartkopf AD, Banys M, Fehm T. HER2-positive DTCs/CTCs in breast cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res 2012;195:203-15.
73. Babayan A, Hannemann J, Spötter J, Müller V, Pantel K, Joosse SA. Heterogeneity of estrogen receptor expression in circulating tumor cells from metastatic breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2013;8:e75038.
74. Paolillo C, Mu Z, Rossi G, et al. Detection of activating estrogen receptor gene (ESR1) mutations in single circulating tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res 2017;23:6086-93.
75. Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Wang H, et al. AR-V7 and resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1028-38.
76. Gasch C, Bauernhofer T, Pichler M, et al. Heterogeneity of epidermal growth factor receptor status and mutations of KRAS/PIK3CA in circulating tumor cells of patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Chem 2013;59:252-60.
77. Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S, et al. Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1023-34.
78. Peeters M, Douillard JY, Van Cutsem E, et al. Mutant KRAS codon 12 and 13 alleles in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: assessment as prognostic and predictive biomarkers of response to panitumumab. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:759-65.
79. Dhar M, Wong J, Che J, et al. Evaluation of PD-L1 expression on vortex-isolated circulating tumor cells in metastatic lung cancer. Sci Rep 2018;8:2592.
80. Maheswaran S, Haber DA. Ex vivo culture of CTCs: an emerging resource to guide cancer therapy. Cancer Res 2015;75:2411-5.
81. Wang R, Chu GCY, Mrdenovic S, et al. Cultured circulating tumor cells and their derived xenografts for personalized oncology. Asian J Urol 2016;3:240-53.
82. Alix-Panabières C, Cayrefourcq L, Mazard T, Maudelonde T, Assenat E, Assou S. Molecular portrait of metastasis-competent circulating tumor cells in colon cancer reveals the crucial role of genes regulating energy metabolism and DNA repair. Clin Chem 2017;63:700-13.
83. Pantel K, Alix-Panabières C. Liquid biopsy and minimal residual disease - latest advances and implications for cure. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019;16:409-24.
84. Hamilton G, Burghuber O, Zeillinger R. Circulating tumor cells in small cell lung cancer: ex vivo expansion. Lung 2015;193:451-2.
85. Fischer JC, Niederacher D, Topp SA, et al. Diagnostic leukapheresis enables reliable detection of circulating tumor cells of nonmetastatic cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:16580-5.
86. Kuske A, Gorges TM, Tennstedt P, et al. Improved detection of circulating tumor cells in non-metastatic high-risk prostate cancer patients. Sci Rep 2016;6:39736.
87. Gorges TM, Penkalla N, Schalk T, et al. Enumeration and molecular characterization of tumor cells in lung cancer patients using a novel in vivo device for capturing circulating tumor cells. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:2197-206.
88. Luzzi KJ, Macdonald IC, Schmidt EE, et al. Multistep nature of metastatic inefficiency. Am J Pathol 1998;153:865-73.
89. Reymond N, d'Água BB, Ridley AJ. Crossing the endothelial barrier during metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2013;13:858-70.
