fig1

Figure 1. Increased oxidative stress, ROS production and redox signaling during PCa progression. A schematic representation of the prostate gland is shown on the left. Neoplastic transformation of the normal epithelium leads to PIN lesions, which progress to localized adenocarcinoma and depends on androgen and AR signaling for growth. Administration of ADT causes hormone-deprivation-induced oxidative stress, ROS production and amplified redox signaling networks in PCa cells, which facilitates the selection of CRPC cells. These aggressive CRPC cells can then metastasize to distant sites to form mCRPC, which dictates morbidity and mortality in patients. PCa: prostate cancer; ADT: androgen deprivation therapy; ROS: reactive oxygen species; CRPC: castrate resistant prostate cancer; mCRPC: metastatic CRPCs