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Figure 2. Patient-journey role of a clinician-supervised AI orchestration framework. The system coordinates data and specialist-module outputs from admission, imaging assessment, preoperative planning, intraoperative support, postoperative monitoring, and rehabilitation follow-up. At each stage, clinicians review outputs, resolve uncertainty, and retain final responsibility. Created in BioRender. Niu, J. (2026) https://BioRender.com/9i12e38. AI: Artificial intelligence; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CT: computed tomography; EHR: electronic health record; PROs: patient-reported outcomes.