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Figure 3. Barriers and solutions framework. A schematic mapping the four core translational challenges to their corresponding strategic solutions: (A) Data Heterogeneity, addressed by federated learning networks and multicenter databases; (B) Black-Box Effect, mitigated through explainable AI algorithms; (C) Workflow Friction, resolved via integrated CDSS and EHR systems; and (D) Ethical and Legal Risk, managed through HITL models. (Created with Adobe Illustrator by the authors.) AI: Artificial intelligence; CDSS: clinical decision support systems; EHR: electronic health record; HITL: human-in-the-loop.