fig2

Figure 2. AI-FEA integration loop. A schematic showing the workflow of the closed-loop system: Patient CT and X-ray data undergo AI-based segmentation to generate a 3D FEM. This model feeds into biomechanical simulation to determine the optimal trajectory and personalized rod bending, ultimately informing the final surgical plan. (Created with Adobe Illustrator by the authors.) AI: Artificial intelligence; FEA: finite element analysis; CT: computed tomography; FEM: finite element model.