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Figure 1. Clinical workflow pipeline. A horizontal flowchart tracing the patient journey. (A) Preoperative Imaging, utilizing CNNs for image processing; (B) Deformity Measurement, applying GCN/U-Net for parameter extraction; (C) Fusion Selection, employing random forest for decision support; (D) Fixation Design, integrating AI and FEA for personalized implant optimization; (E) Intraoperative Navigation, leveraging AR and computer vision for robotic execution; and (F) Postoperative Monitoring, utilizing wearables and deep learning for long-term surveillance. (Created with Adobe Illustrator by the authors.) CNNs: Convolutional neural networks; GCN: graph convolutional network; AI: artificial intelligence; FEA: finite element analysis; AR: augmented reality.