fig1

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart. ^*Records excluded at title/abstract screening stage failed to meet all of the following inclusion criteria: (1) specific to general surgery or its subspecialties; (2) evaluated laparoscopic or robot-assisted procedures; (3) described a computer vision (CV)-based artificial intelligence (AI) system; (4) performed retrospective or prospective analyses. Conference abstracts and study protocols were also excluded.