fig5

Figure 5. Individualized treatment effect of CSF drainage on vasospasm risk, stratified by mean CSF drainage volume and peak intracranial pressure (ICP) across external ventricular drain (EVD) (left) and prophylactic lumbar drain (LD) (right). Each point represents a patient, with color indicating the estimated treatment effect (CATE) on the risk of vasospasm. Green (negative CATE) represents a reduced risk of vasospasm, while red (positive CATE) represents an increased risk. Cluster relationships are also illustrated (circle = cluster 0; square = cluster 1; triangle = cluster 2; rhombus = cluster 3). CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid.