fig2

Figure 2. Comparison between inexperienced and Surg across four measures: (A) Heart Rate Variability; (B) Number of errors; (C) Task completion time; and (D) Total NASA-TLX scores. Bars represent group means, and error bars indicate SD. Group differences were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. (*) Indicate significant group differences (P < 0.05). Surg: Surgeons; HRV: heart rate variability; NASA-TLX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index; SD: standard deviation.