fig1

Figure 1. Heterogeneity of Kupffer cells and liver macrophages. Kupffer cells in both rodents and humans originate from yolk sac. Resident Kupffer cells (emKCs) are further classified into KC1 and KC2 in mice and into additional subsets in humans. A particular subset (ifKC) is strongly pro-inflammatory. In contrast, liver-infiltrating macrophages (BMDMs) originate from bone marrow monocytes and can differentiate into moKCs, which may be indistinguishable from emKCs. Irrespective of origin, liver macrophages are functionally classified as M1 and M2 macrophages. Boxes indicate the markers expressed in each subset. CSF1R: Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; EmKC/eMKC: embryonically derived Kupffer cell; KC: Kupffer cell; KC1: Kupffer cell subset 1; KC2: Kupffer cell subset 2; ifKC: inflammatory Kupffer cell; Mo: monocyte; BMDMF: bone marrow-derived macrophage; moKC: monocyte-derived Kupffer cell; M1: classically activated macrophage; M2: alternatively activated macrophage; TIM4: T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 4; VSIG4: V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 4; CLEC2: C-type lectin domain family 2; MARCO: macrophage receptor with collagenous structure; CD68: cluster of differentiation 68; CD163: cluster of differentiation 163; CD36: cluster of differentiation 36; CD206: cluster of differentiation 206; ESAM: endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule; Ly6Chi: lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, high expression; Ly6Clo: lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, low expression; CD11b: integrin alpha M; F4/80: epidermal growth factor-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1; CCR2: C-C motif chemokine receptor 2; EmKCs: embryonic-derived KCs.