fig3

Figure 3. Structural components of a typical CAR construct. A CAR consists of four main domains: the extracellular single-chain variable fragment (scFv, shown in blue) for antigen recognition, the hinge/spacer region (purple line) for structural flexibility, the transmembrane domain (gray) anchoring the CAR in the cell membrane, and the intracellular signaling domain containing CD3ζ (green) and costimulatory domains (orange). Created in BioRender. Tong, C. (2025) https://BioRender.com/1vze2a6. CAR: Chimeric antigen receptor; ScFv: single-chain fragment variable; CD: cluster of differentiation.