fig2

Figure 2. Schematic summary of the immunopathogenesis and therapeutic landscape in MAFLD-HCC. Created in BioRender. Han, H. (2025) https://BioRender.com/0xpwfeh. MAFLD-HCC: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma; MASH: metabolic-associated steatohepatitis; CD4⁺: cluster of differentiation 4 positive; IFNγ: interferon gamma; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; γδ: gamma delta T cells; IL-17A: interleukin-17A; TRM: Tissue-resident memory T; TAAB: tumor-associated atypical B cell; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NAMs: MASH-associated macrophage; TREM2⁺: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; CD8⁺: cluster of differentiation 8 positive; CXCR6⁺: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6; PD1⁺: programmed cell death protein 1; P2X7: P2X purinoceptor 7; LTβR: lymphotoxin-beta receptor; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; TLR7: Toll-like receptor 7; Treg: regulatory T cell; IL-1β: interleukin-1 beta; IL-2: interleukin-2; IgA: immunoglobulin A; NKT: natural killer T; LIGHT: tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14; NKp46: natural killer cell p46; NCR1: natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1; HSCs: hepatic stellate cells; NE: elastase; NETs: neutrophil extracellular traps; CXCL5: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5; IL-10: interleukin-10; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor.