REFERENCES
1. Wang Z, Dong Z, Zhao G, Ni B, Zhang ZZ. Prognostic role of myeloid-derived tumor-associated macrophages at the tumor invasive margin in gastric cancer with liver metastasis (GCLM): a single-center retrospective study. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2022;13:1340-50.
2. Fares J, Fares MY, Khachfe HH, Salhab HA, Fares Y. Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:28.
3. He X, Guan XY, Li Y. Clinical significance of the tumor microenvironment on immune tolerance in gastric cancer. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1532605.
4. Jandu D, Latar N, Bajrami A, et al. Single cell RNA sequencing of papillary cancer mesenchymal stem/stromal cells reveals a transcriptional profile that supports a role for these cells in cancer progression. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:4957.
5. Xia Y, Jia J, Ma H, et al. Impact of PSMD2 on gastric cancer tissue stiffness investigated via motor-piezoceramic coupled atomic force microscopy. Nano Lett. 2025;25:3931-8.
6. Yu K, Cao Y, Zhang Z, et al. Blockade of CLEVER-1 restrains immune evasion and enhances anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in gastric cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2025;13:e011080.
7. Lopes C, Pereira C. Advances towards gastric cancer screening: novel devices and biomarkers. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2025;75:102009.
8. Huang F, Fang M. Prediction model of liver metastasis risk in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study. Medicine. 2023;102:e34702.
9. Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li B. A bibliometric analysis of gastric cancer liver metastases: advances in mechanisms of occurrence and treatment options. Int J Surg. 2024;110:2288-99.
10. Luo Z, Rong Z, Huang C. Surgery strategies for gastric cancer with liver metastasis. Front Oncol. 2019;9:1353.
11. Li SC, Lee CH, Hung CL, Wu JC, Chen JH. Surgical resection of metachronous hepatic metastases from gastric cancer improves long-term survival: a population-based study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0182255.
12. Li HQ, Wang Q, Zhang LY, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and trastuzumab in gastric cancer with liver metastases: a case report. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1283274.
13. Zhou J, Gou YK, Guo D, Wang MY, Liu P. Roles of gastric cancer-derived exosomes in the occurrence of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2025;196:1-7.
14. Shi W, Wang J, Zhang W, Shou T. Long-term survival with stable disease after multidisciplinary treatment for synchronous liver metastases from gastric cancer: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2019;65:317-21.
15. Umeda S, Kanda M, Miwa T, et al. Fraser extracellular matrix complex subunit 1 promotes liver metastasis of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 2020;146:2865-76.
16. Sakaue M, Sugimura K, Masuzawa T, et al. Long-term survival of HER2 positive gastric cancer patient with multiple liver metastases who obtained pathological complete response after systemic chemotherapy: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2022;94:107097.
17. Wang Y, Ding G, Chu C, Cheng XD, Qin JJ. Genomic biology and therapeutic strategies of liver metastasis from gastric cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2024;202:104470.
18. Li D, Gao Z, Zhang Z, et al. Suprabasin promotes gastric cancer liver metastasis via hepatic stellate cells-mediated EGF/CCL2/JAK2 intercellular signaling pathways. Oncogene. 2025;44:1975-89.
19. Kim B, Shin HC, Heo YJ, et al. CCNE1 amplification is associated with liver metastasis in gastric carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract. 2019;215:152434.
20. Takayama-Isagawa Y, Kanetaka K, Kobayashi S, Yoneda A, Ito S, Eguchi S. High serum alpha-fetoprotein and positive immunohistochemistry of alpha-fetoprotein are related to poor prognosis of gastric cancer with liver metastasis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:3695.
21. She Y, Liu X, Liu H, et al. Combination of clinical and spectral-CT iodine concentration for predicting liver metastasis in gastric cancer: a preliminary study. Abdom Radiol. 2024;49:3438-49.
22. Yang J, Liu Z, Zeng B, Hu G, Gan R. Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer: a distinct subtype. Cancer Lett. 2020;495:191-9.
23. Furukawa K, Hatakeyama K, Terashima M, et al. Molecular features and prognostic factors of locally advanced microsatellite instability-high gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2024;27:760-71.
25. Nemtsova MV, Kuznetsova EB, Bure IV. Chromosomal instability in gastric cancer: role in tumor development, progression, and therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:16961.
26. Zhang R, Liu Z, Chang X, et al. Clinical significance of chromosomal integrity in gastric cancers. Int J Biol Markers. 2022;37:296-305.
27. Díaz Del Arco C, Ortega Medina L, Estrada Muñoz L, García Gómez de Las Heras S, Fernández Aceñero MJ. Is there still a place for conventional histopathology in the age of molecular medicine? Laurén classification, inflammatory infiltration and other current topics in gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Histol Histopathol. 2021;36:587-613.
28. Yu C, Wang J. Quantification of the landscape for revealing the underlying mechanism of intestinal-type gastric cancer. Front Oncol. 2022;12:853768.
29. Gregory SN, Davis JL. CDH1 and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: a narrative review. Chin Clin Oncol. 2023;12:25.
30. Ryan CE, Fasaye GA, Gallanis AF, et al. Germline CDH1 variants and lifetime cancer risk. JAMA. 2024;332:722-9.
31. Gamble LA, Heller T, Davis JL. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome and the role of CDH1: a review. JAMA Surg. 2021;156:387-92.
32. Shahi A, Kidane D. Aberrant DNA polymerase beta expression is associated with dysregulated tumor immune microenvironment and its prognostic value in gastric cancer. Clin Exp Med. 2024;24:239.
33. Sadeghi M, Karimi MR, Karimi AH, Ghorbanpour Farshbaf N, Barzegar A, Schmitz U. Network-based and machine-learning approaches identify diagnostic and prognostic models for EMT-type gastric tumors. Genes. 2023;14:750.
34. Liu P, Ding P, Guo H, et al. Clinical calculator based on CT and clinicopathologic characteristics predicts short-term prognosis following resection of microsatellite-stabilized diffuse gastric cancer. Abdom Radiol. 2024;49:2165-76.
35. Pretzsch E, Bösch F, Todorova R, et al. Molecular subtyping of gastric cancer according to ACRG using immunohistochemistry - correlation with clinical parameters. Pathol Res Pract. 2022;231:153797.
36. Wang Q, Xie Q, Liu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of TCGA and ACRG classification in gastric cancer among the Chinese population. Mol Med Rep. 2020;22:828-40.
37. Zeng D, Wu J, Luo H, et al. Tumor microenvironment evaluation promotes precise checkpoint immunotherapy of advanced gastric cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9:e002467.
38. Zeng W, Zhu J, Zeng D, et al. Epigenetic modification-associated molecular classification of gastric cancer. Lab Invest. 2023;103:100170.
39. Wang JB, Qiu QZ, Zheng QL, et al. Tumor immunophenotyping-derived signature identifies prognosis and neoadjuvant immunotherapeutic responsiveness in gastric cancer. Adv Sci. 2023;10:e2207417.
40. Migita T, Sato E, Saito K, et al. Differing expression of MMPs-1 and -9 and urokinase receptor between diffuse- and intestinal-type gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1999;84:74-9.
41. Ding Y, Zhang H, Lu A, et al. Effect of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis. Oncol Lett. 2016;11:4208-16.
42. Ding Y, Zhang H, Zhong M, et al. Clinical significance of the uPA system in gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis. Eur J Med Res. 2013;18:28.
43. Huang HW, Chang CC, Wang CS, Lin KH. Association between inflammation and function of cell adhesion molecules influence on gastrointestinal cancer development. Cells. 2021;10:67.
44. Sun F, Feng M, Guan W. Mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett. 2017;14:6991-8.
45. Dang HZ, Yu Y, Jiao SC. Prognosis of HER2 over-expressing gastric cancer patients with liver metastasis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18:2402-7.
46. Petrillo A, Ottaviano M, Pompella L, et al. Rare epithelial gastric cancers: a review of the current treatment knowledge. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2025;17:17588359241255628.
47. Arai T, Komatsu A, Kanazawa N, Nonaka K, Ishiwata T. Clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of gastric papillary adenocarcinoma. Pathol Int. 2023;73:358-66.
48. Li M, Mei YX, Wen JH, et al. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma-clinicopathological features and molecular characteristics. Cancer Lett. 2023;559:216104.
49. Huang KH, Chen MH, Fang WL, et al. The clinicopathological characteristics and genetic alterations of signet-ring cell carcinoma in gastric cancer. Cancers. 2020;12:2318.
50. Guo P, Yang Y, Wang L, et al. Development of a streamlined NGS-based TCGA classification scheme for gastric cancer and its implications for personalized therapy. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2024;15:2053-66.
51. Zhang X, Ren B, Liu B, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics reveal the heterogeneity and intercellular communication of cancer-associated fibroblasts in gastric cancer. J Transl Med. 2025;23:344.
52. Sun H, Wang X, Wang X, Xu M, Sheng W. The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:874.
53. Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Guo E, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Periostin secreted from podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes metastasis of gastric cancer by regulating cancer stem cells via AKT and YAP signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog. 2023;62:685-99.
54. Yang C, Gao Z, Tang R, et al. POU6F2 promotes liver metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma by dual mechanism of transcriptional upregulation of SNAI1 and IGF2/PI3K/AKT signaling-induced conversion of hepatic stellate cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts. Br J Cancer. 2025;133:14-26.
55. Li Q, Zhu CC, Ni B, et al. Lysyl oxidase promotes liver metastasis of gastric cancer via facilitating the reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts. EBioMedicine. 2019;49:157-71.
56. Zhang D, Sun R, Di C, et al. Microdissection of cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration subtypes unveils the secreted SERPINE2 contributing to immunosuppressive microenvironment and immuotherapeutic resistance in gastric cancer: a large-scale study integrating bulk and single-cell transcriptome profiling. Comput Biol Med. 2023;166:107406.
57. Sun K, Xu R, Ma F, et al. scRNA-seq of gastric tumor shows complex intercellular interaction with an alternative T cell exhaustion trajectory. Nat Commun. 2022;13:4943.
58. Xiang Z, Hua M, Hao Z, et al. The roles of mesenchymal stem cells in gastrointestinal cancers. Front Immunol. 2022;13:844001.
59. Ji R, Wu C, Yao J, et al. IGF2BP2-meidated m6A modification of CSF2 reprograms MSC to promote gastric cancer progression. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:693.
60. Chen Z, Xu P, Wang X, et al. MSC-NPRA loop drives fatty acid oxidation to promote stemness and chemoresistance of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. 2023;565:216235.
61. Wang L, Wu C, Xu J, et al. GC‑MSC‑derived circ_0024107 promotes gastric cancer cell lymphatic metastasis via fatty acid oxidation metabolic reprogramming mediated by the miR‑5572/6855‑5p/CPT1A axis. Oncol Rep. 2023;50:138.
62. Zhang Y, Yang K, Bai J, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the multidimensional dynamic heterogeneity from primary to metastatic gastric cancer. iScience. 2025;28:111843.
63. Cozac-Szőke AR, Cozac DA, Negovan A, et al. Immune cell interactions and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:1156.
64. Ozmen E, Demir TD, Ozcan G. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: protagonists of the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer. Front Mol Biosci. 2024;11:1340124.
65. Pei X, Zhang SL, Qiu BQ, Zhang PF, Liu TS, Wang Y. Cancer cell secreted legumain promotes gastric cancer resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy by enhancing macrophage M2 polarization. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;17:951.
66. Jiang Y, Wang Y, Chen G, et al. Nicotinamide metabolism face-off between macrophages and fibroblasts manipulates the microenvironment in gastric cancer. Cell Metab. 2024;36:1806-22.e11.
67. Lee SH, Lee D, Choi J, et al. Spatial dissection of tumour microenvironments in gastric cancers reveals the immunosuppressive crosstalk between CCL2+ fibroblasts and STAT3-activated macrophages. Gut. 2025;74:714-27.
68. Li S, Guo D, Sun Q, et al. MAPK4 silencing in gastric cancer drives liver metastasis by positive feedback between cancer cells and macrophages. Exp Mol Med. 2023;55:457-69.
69. Xie L, Qiu S, Lu C, et al. Gastric cancer-derived LBP promotes liver metastasis by driving intrahepatic fibrotic pre-metastatic niche formation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2023;42:258.
70. Qiu S, Xie L, Lu C, et al. Gastric cancer-derived exosomal miR-519a-3p promotes liver metastasis by inducing intrahepatic M2-like macrophage-mediated angiogenesis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022;41:296.
71. Li B, Xia Y, Lv J, et al. miR-151a-3p-rich small extracellular vesicles derived from gastric cancer accelerate liver metastasis via initiating a hepatic stemness-enhancing niche. Oncogene. 2021;40:6180-94.
72. Ni B, He X, Zhang Y, et al. Tumor-associated macrophage-derived GDNF promotes gastric cancer liver metastasis via a GFRA1-modulated autophagy flux. Cell Oncol. 2023;46:315-30.
73. Li Q, Lin Y, Ni B, et al. Circadian system disorder induced by aberrantly activated EFNB2-EPHB2 axis leads to facilitated liver metastasis in gastric cancer. Cell Oncol. 2024;47:2113-34.
74. Ma G, Liu X, Jiang Q, et al. Identification of a stromal immunosuppressive barrier orchestrated by SPP1+/C1QC+ macrophages and CD8+ exhausted T cells driving gastric cancer immunotherapy resistance. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1618591.
75. Wang Q, Chen J, Wang Y, et al. The profiles of immunosuppressive microenvironment in the Lauren intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2025;74:82.
76. Murakami Y, Saito H, Shimizu S, et al. Increased regulatory B cells are involved in immune evasion in patients with gastric cancer. Sci Rep. 2019;9:13083.
77. Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhao G. Recent advances in the study of regulatory T cells in gastric cancer. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;73:560-7.
78. Shaopeng Z, Yang Z, Yuan F, Chen H, Zhengjun Q. Regulation of regulatory T cells and tumor-associated macrophages in gastric cancer tumor microenvironment. Cancer Med. 2024;13:e6959.
79. Han DS, Kwak Y, Lee S, et al. Effector function characteristics of exhausted CD8+ T-cell in microsatellite stable and unstable gastric cancer. Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56:1146-63.
80. Gonciarz W, Piątczak E, Chmiela M. The influence of salvia cadmica boiss. extracts on the M1/M2 polarization of macrophages primed with Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide in conjunction with NF-kappa B activation, production of cytokines, phagocytic activity and total DNA methylation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;310:116386.
81. O’Brien VP, Kang Y, Shenoy MK, et al. Single-cell profiling uncovers a muc4-expressing metaplastic gastric cell type sustained by helicobacter pylori-driven inflammation. Cancer Res Commun. 2023;3:1756-69.
82. Liya Z, Sanren L, Shigang D, et al. Relationship of Helicobacter pylori eradication with gastric cancer and gastric mucosal histological changes: a 10-year follow-up study. Chinese Medical Journal. 2014;127:1454-8.
83. Wang M, Yang G, Tian Y, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Xin Y. The role of the gut microbiota in gastric cancer: the immunoregulation and immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1183331.
84. Wang J, Deng R, Chen S, et al. Helicobacter pylori CagA promotes immune evasion of gastric cancer by upregulating PD-L1 level in exosomes. iScience. 2023;26:108414.
85. Liu X, Choi MG, Kim K, et al. High PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer (GC) patients and correlation with molecular features. Pathol Res Pract. 2020;216:152881.
86. Ren T, Sun L, Zheng Y, Jiang Y, Guo Y, Ma J. Mechanical forces and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: from regulation mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Int J Surg. 2025;111:5420-34.
87. Jeong W, Kwon H, Park SK, Lee IS, Jho EH. Retinoic acid-induced protein 14 links mechanical forces to Hippo signaling. EMBO Rep. 2024;25:4033-61.
88. Ji L, Peng J, Lin Y, et al. High extracellular matrix stiffness upregulates TNNT1 to awaken dormant tumor cells in liver metastatic niches of gastric cancer. Cell Oncol. 2025;48:815-34.
89. Xiao C, Xie N, Shu Q, et al. Synergistic effects of matrix biophysical properties on gastric cancer cell behavior via integrin-mediated cell-ECM interactions. Small. 2024;20:e2309907.
90. Chen B, Liu X, Yu P, et al. H. pylori-induced NF-κB-PIEZO1-YAP1-CTGF axis drives gastric cancer progression and cancer-associated fibroblast-mediated tumour microenvironment remodelling. Clin Transl Med. 2023;13:e1481.
91. Mai Z, Lin Y, Lin P, Zhao X, Cui L. Modulating extracellular matrix stiffness: a strategic approach to boost cancer immunotherapy. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15:307.
92. Liu X, Li J, Yang X, et al. Carcinoma-associated fibroblast-derived lysyl oxidase-rich extracellular vesicles mediate collagen crosslinking and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition via p-FAK/p-paxillin/YAP signaling. Int J Oral Sci. 2023;15:32.
93. Guerrero-Barberà G, Burday N, Costell M. Shaping oncogenic microenvironments: contribution of fibronectin. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1363004.
94. Tan Y, Chen Q, Xing Y, et al. High expression of COL5A2, a member of COL5 family, indicates the poor survival and facilitates cell migration in gastric cancer. Biosci Rep. 2021;41:BSR20204293.
95. Lu Y, Jin Z, Hou J, et al. Calponin 1 increases cancer-associated fibroblasts-mediated matrix stiffness to promote chemoresistance in gastric cancer. Matrix Biol. 2023;115:1-15.
96. He X, Zhong L, Wang N, et al. Gastric cancer actively remodels mechanical microenvironment to promote chemotherapy resistance via MSCs-mediated mitochondrial transfer. Adv Sci. 2024;11:e2404994.
97. Zhou J, Song Q, Li H, et al. Targeting circ-0034880-enriched tumor extracellular vesicles to impede SPP1highCD206+ pro-tumor macrophages mediated pre-metastatic niche formation in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Mol Cancer. 2024;23:168.
98. Zeng X, Zhou J, Xiong Z, et al. Cell cycle-related kinase reprograms the liver immune microenvironment to promote cancer metastasis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18:1005-15.
99. Cui Y, Chang Y, Ma X, et al. Ephrin A1 stimulates CCL2 secretion to facilitate premetastatic niche formation and promote gastric cancer liver metastasis. Cancer Res. 2025;85:263-76.
100. Hasan AM, Cavalu S, Kira AY, et al. Localized drug delivery in different gastrointestinal cancers: navigating challenges and advancing nanotechnological solutions. Int J Nanomedicine. 2025;20:741-70.
101. Liao T, Chen X, Qiu F, et al. Regulation of cancer-associated fibroblasts for enhanced cancer immunotherapy using advanced functional nanomedicines: an updated review. J Nanobiotechnology. 2025;23:166.
102. Yuan S, Mu W, Liu S, et al. Transforming cancer-associated fibroblast barrier into drug depots to boost chemo-immunotherapy in “shooting fish in a barrel” pattern. ACS Nano. 2023;17:13611-26.
103. Li Y, Chen W, Kang Y, et al. Nanosensitizer-mediated augmentation of sonodynamic therapy efficacy and antitumor immunity. Nat Commun. 2023;14:6973.
104. Qiu ZW, Zhong YT, Lu ZM, et al. Breaking physical barrier of fibrotic breast cancer for photodynamic immunotherapy by remodeling tumor extracellular matrix and reprogramming cancer-associated fibroblasts. ACS Nano. 2024;18:9713-35.
105. Liu L, Wang L, Liu L, et al. Acyltransferase zinc finger DHHC-type containing 2 aggravates gastric carcinoma growth by targeting Nrf2 signaling: a mechanism-based multicombination bionic nano-drug therapy. Redox Biol. 2024;70:103051.
106. Li Y, Zheng Y, Huang J, et al. CAF-macrophage crosstalk in tumour microenvironments governs the response to immune checkpoint blockade in gastric cancer peritoneal metastases. Gut. 2025;74:350-63.
107. Li X, Sun Z, Peng G, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a pro-invasive cancer-associated fibroblast subgroup associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with gastric cancer. Theranostics. 2022;12:620-38.
108. Cen S, Xu H, Liu Z, Zhao R, Pan H, Han W. Immune microenvironment characteristics and their implications for immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in HER2-overexpressing gastric cancer. Clin Exp Immunol. 2022;207:318-28.
109. Janjigian YY, Werner D, Pauligk C, et al. Prognosis of metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer by HER2 status: a European and USA International collaborative analysis. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:2656-62.
110. Chen Y, Jia K, Chong X, et al. Implications of PD-L1 expression on the immune microenvironment in HER2-positive gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2024;23:169.
111. Bie L, Wei C, Luo S, et al. Benmelstobart plus anlotinib and chemotherapy in HER2-negative advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: a phase 2 study. Cell Rep Med. 2025;6:102145.
112. Panda A, Mehnert JM, Hirshfield KM, et al. Immune activation and benefit from avelumab in EBV-positive gastric cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110:316-20.
113. McMiller TL, Besharati S, Yarchoan M, et al. Immune microenvironment of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative compared to EBV-associated gastric cancers: implications for immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer. 2024;12:e010201.
114. Wei J, Guo C, An X, et al. Tumor cell-expressed IL-15Rα drives antagonistic effects on the progression and immune control of gastric cancer and is epigenetically regulated in EBV-positive gastric cancer. Cell Oncol. 2020;43:1085-97.
115. Duan Y, Li S, Huang B, et al. CD47-targeted immunotherapy unleashes antitumour immunity in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. Clin Immunol. 2023;247:109238.
116. Chen C, Wang Z, Lin Q, et al. NAT10 promotes gastric cancer liver metastasis by modulation of M2 macrophage polarization and metastatic tumor cell hepatic adhesion. Adv Sci. 2025;12:e2410263.
117. Gao YX, Guo XJ, Lin B, et al. Targeting LHPP in neoadjuvant chemotherapy resistance of gastric cancer: insights from single-cell and multi-omics data on tumor immune microenvironment and stemness characteristics. Cell Death Dis. 2025;16:306.
118. Zhang A, Zou X, Yang S, Yang H, Ma Z, Li J. Effect of NETs/COX-2 pathway on immune microenvironment and metastasis in gastric cancer. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1177604.
119. Jiang T, Zhang J, Zhao S, et al. MCT4: a key player influencing gastric cancer metastasis and participating in the regulation of the metastatic immune microenvironment. J Transl Med. 2025;23:276.
120. Li BY, Li HL, Zeng FE, et al. Identification of PD-L1-related biomarkers for selecting gastric adenocarcinoma patients for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. Discov Oncol. 2025;16:689.
121. Jia L, Chen N, Chen X, et al. Updated overall survival data and predictive biomarkers of autologous NK cells plus Sintilimab as second-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1595382.
122. Hu B, Yin G, Zhu J, Bai Y, Sun X. Continuous prediction for tumor mutation burden based on transcriptional data in gastrointestinal cancers. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2024;24:384.
123. Sun F, Gao X, Wang W, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhu Y. Predictive biomarkers in the era of immunotherapy for gastric cancer: current achievements and future perspectives. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1599908.
124. Yan N, Liu J, Li G, et al. The ferroptosis-related gene GGTLC2 is identified as a novel biomarker for gastric cancer within the GGT family, with associations to immune infiltration and liver metastasis. Funct Integr Genomics. 2025;25:106.
125. Yu Y, Luo K, Liu M, et al. Comprehensive analysis reveals that P4HA3 is a prognostic and diagnostic gastric cancer biomarker that can predict immunotherapy efficacy. Sci Rep. 2024;14:22959.
126. Jiang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Liu K, Wu Y, Wang Z. NFS1 as a candidate prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer correlated with immune infiltrates. Int J Gen Med. 2024;17:3855-68.
127. Yang C, Ni B, Shen L, et al. Systematic pan-cancer analysis insights into ICAM1 as an immunological and prognostic biomarker. FASEB J. 2024;38:e23802.
128. Shen J, Gong X, Tan S, et al. CDK1 Acts as a prognostic biomarker associated with immune infiltration in pan-cancer, especially in gastrointestinal tumors. Curr Med Chem. 2025;32:4836-57.
129. Zhang H, Liu R, Chen Y, et al. The prognostic value and potential immunotherapeutic efficacy of ACVR1 in treating gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2024;15:63-85.
130. Zhao Z, Fang Q, Wei L, Lin J, Su R, Li N. Autophagy-related gene CXCR4 is a potential predictor of prognosis and immunotherapy response for gastric cancer. Discov Med. 2023;35:1190-201.
131. Sun W, Yuan Y, Chen J, et al. Construction and validation of a novel senescence-related risk score can help predict the prognosis and tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer patients and determine that STK40 can affect the ROS accumulation and proliferation ability of gastric cancer cells. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1259231.
132. Zhao H, Tong Y, Pan S, Qiu Z, Liu P, Guo P. RBPMS2, as a novel biomarker for predicting lymph node metastasis, guides therapeutic regimens in gastric cancer. Hum Cell. 2022;35:599-612.
133. Lin LY, Yang L, Zeng Q, et al. Tumor-originated exosomal lncUEGC1 as a circulating biomarker for early-stage gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2018;17:84.
134. Hyung S, Ko J, Heo YJ, et al. Patient-derived exosomes facilitate therapeutic targeting of oncogenic MET in advanced gastric cancer. Sci Adv. 2023;9:eadk1098.
135. Tang Y, Zhao B, Wang W, et al. The EGR1-mediated lncRNA TENM3-AS1 potentiates gastric cancer metastasis via reprogramming fatty acid metabolism. Mol Cancer. 2025;24:165.
136. Zhuo W, Liu Y, Li S, et al. Long noncoding RNA GMAN, up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues, is associated with metastasis in patients and promotes translation of ephrin A1 by competitively binding GMAN-AS. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:676-91.e11.
137. Shan C, Zhang Y, Hao X, Gao J, Chen X, Wang K. Biogenesis, functions and clinical significance of circRNAs in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2019;18:136.
138. Jin Y, Wang J, Zhang C, Li J, Wei C, Zhou Y. Exosomal circRNAs: the key role and potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2024;25:1349-63.
139. Miao Z, Li J, Wang Y, et al. Hsa_circ_0136666 stimulates gastric cancer progression and tumor immune escape by regulating the miR-375/PRKDC Axis and PD-L1 phosphorylation. Mol Cancer. 2023;22:205.
140. Peng L, Sang H, Wei S, et al. circCUL2 regulates gastric cancer malignant transformation and cisplatin resistance by modulating autophagy activation via miR-142-3p/ROCK2. Mol Cancer. 2020;19:156.
141. Wu Y, Chen Y, Yan X, et al. Lopinavir enhances anoikis by remodeling autophagy in a circRNA-dependent manner. Autophagy. 2024;20:1651-72.
142. Zhang B, Li Z, Ye G, Hu K. Biologic activity and treatment resistance to gastrointestinal cancer: the role of circular RNA in autophagy regulation. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1393670.
143. Hu Y, Zang W, Feng Y, et al. mir-605-3p prevents liver premetastatic niche formation by inhibiting angiogenesis via decreasing exosomal nos3 release in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2024;24:184.
144. Roshani M, Molavizadeh D, Sadeghi S, et al. Emerging roles of miR-145 in gastrointestinal cancers: a new paradigm. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;166:115264.
145. Mirzaei S, Gholami MH, Aghdaei HA, et al. Exosome-mediated miR-200a delivery into TGF-β-treated AGS cells abolished epithelial-mesenchymal transition with normalization of ZEB1, vimentin and Snail1 expression. Environ Res. 2023;231:116115.
146. Yang D, Shi M, You Q, et al. Tumor- and metastasis-promoting roles of miR-488 inhibition via HULC enhancement and EZH2-mediated p53 repression in gastric cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol. 2023;39:1341-58.
147. Baghbanzadeh A, Baghbani E, Hajiasgharzadeh K, et al. microRNA-193a-5p suppresses the migratory ability of human KATO III gastric cancer cells through inhibition of vimentin and MMP-9. Adv Pharm Bull. 2022;12:169-75.
148. Hosseinahli N, Zeinali T, Hosseinahli N, et al. Restoration of miRNA-143 expression inhibits growth and migration of MKN-45 gastric cancer cell line. Adv Pharm Bull. 2022;12:183-90.
149. Ma HF, Shu P, Shi XH, Wang M, Jiang MF. Identification of miR-4510 as a metastasis suppressor of gastric cancer through regulation of tumor microenvironment via targeting GPC3. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2022;39:363-74.
150. Wang Z, Yao L, Li Y, et al. miR‑337‑3p inhibits gastric tumor metastasis by targeting ARHGAP10. Mol Med Rep. 2020;21:705-19.
151. Chen DD, Cheng JT, Chandoo A, et al. microRNA-33a prevents epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer cells through the Snail/Slug pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2019;317:G147-60.
152. Ye T, Yang M, Huang D, et al. MicroRNA-7 as a potential therapeutic target for aberrant NF-κB-driven distant metastasis of gastric cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38:55.
153. Cao W, Wei W, Zhan Z, Xie D, Xie Y, Xiao Q. Role of miR-647 in human gastric cancer suppression. Oncol Rep. 2017;37:1401-11.
154. Feng Q, Wu X, Li F, et al. miR-27b inhibits gastric cancer metastasis by targeting NR2F2. Protein Cell. 2017;8:114-22.
155. Xie T, Wu D, Li S, et al. microRNA-582 potentiates liver and lung metastasis of gastric carcinoma cells through the FOXO3-mediated PI3K/Akt/Snail pathway. Cancer Manag Res. 2020;12:5201-12.
156. Feng C, She J, Chen X, et al. Exosomal miR-196a-1 promotes gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis by targeting SFRP1. Nanomedicine. 2019;14:2579-93.
157. Chen XL, Hong LL, Wang KL, et al. Deregulation of CSMD1 targeted by microRNA-10b drives gastric cancer progression through the NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Sci. 2019;15:2075-86.
158. Cui HW, Han WY, Hou LN, Yang L, Li X, Su XL. miR-1915-3p inhibits Bcl-2 expression in the development of gastric cancer. Biosci Rep. 2019;39:BSR20182321.
159. He Y, Sun Y, Zheng Y, et al. Hsa_circ_0006837 suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via the modulation of miR-424-5p. Hereditas. 2025;162:85.
160. Wu X, Li Z, Cao C, et al. A novel DNA binding protein encoded by circZNF131 inhibits the growth of gastric cancer by suppressing CTBP2 transcription. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;314:144236.
161. Zhu X, Zhang X, Qin Y, et al. Circular RNA circATM binds PARP1 to suppress Wnt/β-catenin signaling and induce cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells. J Adv Res. 2025;Epub ahead of print.
162. Zhou G, Wen J, Lu F, Wang J, Tan S. circRNA_0005927 inhibits gastric cancer metastasis by downregulating the miR-570-3p/FOXO3 axis. Am J Transl Res. 2025;17:1679-93.
163. Wang Z, Chen W, Wang Z, Dai X. EIF4A3-mediated circ_0008126 inhibits the progression and metastasis of gastric cancer by modulating the APC/β-catenin pathway. Cancers. 2025;17:253.
164. Song X, Zhang G, Niu J, et al. Circular RNA circPFKP suppress gastric cancer progression through targeting miR-346/CAMD3 axis. Exp Cell Res. 2025;445:114390.
165. Qiao L, Pan W, Yang J, et al. Inhibitory effects of circR-127aa on gastric cancer progression and tumor growth. Cell Signal. 2025;125:111520.
166. Mei B, Chen J, Peng Y. The circRNA circSCAF8 promotes tumor growth and metastasis of gastric cancer via miR-1293/TIMP1signaling. Gene Ther. 2025;32:142-53.
167. Wang J, Wang S, Wang Y, et al. Hsa_circ_0000479 promotes gastric cancer progression by inhibiting BTRC-mediated ubiquitination of G3BP1. Exp Cell Res. 2025;449:114585.
168. Wu F, Guo X, Ren Y, Peng Y, Lai Z, Xu J. CircRNA0007766 accelerates cancer progression via miR-34c-5p/cyclin D1 axis in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG). Cell Signal. 2023;112:110912.
169. Geng X, Wang J, Zhang C, Zhou X, Jing J, Pan W. Circular RNA circCOL6A3_030 is involved in the metastasis of gastric cancer by encoding polypeptide. Bioengineered. 2021;12:8202-16.
170. Cai J, Chen Z, Wang J, et al. circHECTD1 facilitates glutaminolysis to promote gastric cancer progression by targeting miR-1256 and activating β-catenin/c-Myc signaling. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:576.
171. Zhang J, Hou L, Liang R, et al. CircDLST promotes the tumorigenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer by sponging miR-502-5p and activating the NRAS/MEK1/ERK1/2 signaling. Mol Cancer. 2019;18:80.
172. Lin Z, Zhong C, Shi M, et al. Circular RNA TFRC/SCD1 mRNA interaction regulates ferroptosis and metastasis in gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2025;16:436.
173. Qian L, Wang L, Chen H, et al. Hsa_circ_0001756 drives gastric cancer glycolysis by increasing the expression and stability of PGK1 mRNA. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1511247.
174. Shen Y, Lin J, Jiang T, et al. GC-derived exosomal circMAN1A2 promotes cancer progression and suppresses T-cell antitumour immunity by inhibiting FBXW11-mediated SFPQ degradation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2025;44:24.
175. Liu C, Zhou X, Wang G, Zhu C, Xu R. Circular RNA Hsa_circ_0007376 promotes malignancy of gastric cancer cells by regulating MiR-556-5p/CREB5 axis. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2025;266:173-84.
176. Mu Y, Lu J, Yue K, Yin S, Zhang R, Zhang C. circ_0006988 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion through miRNA-92a-2-5p/TFAP4 axis. Epigenomics. 2024;16:1287-99.
177. Jiang R, Li P, Meng E, Cheng X, Wu X, Wu H. Hsa_Circ_0008035 drives immune evasion of gastric cancer via promoting EXT1-mediated nuclear translocation of PKM2. Transl Oncol. 2024;48:102004.
178. Mak TK, Li X, Huang H, et al. The cancer-associated fibroblast-related signature predicts prognosis and indicates immune microenvironment infiltration in gastric cancer. Front Immunol. 2022;13:951214.
179. Wang JB, Gao YX, Ye YH, et al. Comprehensive multi-omics analysis of pyroptosis for optimizing neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with gastric cancer. Theranostics. 2024;14:2915-33.
180. Song J, Wei R, Liu C, et al. Antigen-presenting cancer associated fibroblasts enhance antitumor immunity and predict immunotherapy response. Nat Commun. 2025;16:2175.
181. Liu Z, Sun L, Peng X, et al. PANoptosis subtypes predict prognosis and immune efficacy in gastric cancer. Apoptosis. 2024;29:799-815.
182. Zhang Q, Yang M, Zhang P, Wu B, Wei X, Li S. Deciphering gastric inflammation-induced tumorigenesis through multi-omics data and AI methods. Cancer Biol Med. 2023;21:312-30.
183. Lin X, Yang P, Wang M, et al. Dissecting gastric cancer heterogeneity and exploring therapeutic strategies using bulk and single-cell transcriptomic analysis and experimental validation of tumor microenvironment and metabolic interplay. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1355269.
184. Liang W, Zhu Z, Xu D, et al. The burgeoning spatial multi-omics in human gastrointestinal cancers. PeerJ. 2024;12:e17860.
185. Tang X, Gao L, Jiang X, et al. Single-cell profiling reveals altered immune landscape and impaired NK cell function in gastric cancer liver metastasis. Oncogene. 2024;43:2635-46.
186. Gui M, Huang S, Li S, et al. Integrative single-cell transcriptomic analyses reveal the cellular ontological and functional heterogeneities of primary and metastatic liver tumors. J Transl Med. 2024;22:206.
187. Yang Z, Chen Y, Miao Y, et al. Elucidating stearoyl metabolism and NCOA4-mediated ferroptosis in gastric cancer liver metastasis through multi-omics single-cell integrative mendelian analysis: advancing personalized immunotherapy strategies. Discov Oncol. 2025;16:46.
188. Ding Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, et al. Blood biomarker-based predictive indicator for liver metastasis in alpha-fetoprotein-producing gastric cancer and multi-omics tumor microenvironment insights. Adv Sci. 2025;12:e03499.
189. Wu K, Zhang G, Shen C, et al. Role of T cells in liver metastasis. Cell Death Dis. 2024;15:341.
190. Kan L, Yu Y, Wang Y, et al. The application of organoids in investigating immune evasion in the microenvironment of gastric cancer and screening novel drug candidates. Mol Cancer. 2025;24:125.
191. Jiang Y, Xie J, Han Z, et al. Immunomarker support vector machine classifier for prediction of gastric cancer survival and adjuvant chemotherapeutic benefit. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24:5574-84.
192. Zeng D, Yu Y, Qiu W, et al. Immunotyping the tumor microenvironment reveals molecular heterogeneity for personalized immunotherapy in cancer. Adv Sci. 2025;12:e2417593.
193. Lee S, Jeon J, Park J, et al. An artificial intelligence system for comprehensive pathologic outcome prediction in early gastric cancer through endoscopic image analysis (with video). Gastric Cancer. 2024;27:1088-99.
194. Ling T, Zuo Z, Huang M, Ma J, Wu L. Stacking classifiers based on integrated machine learning model: fusion of CT radiomics and clinical biomarkers to predict lymph node metastasis in locally advanced gastric cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2025;25:834.
195. Wang L, Tan J, Ge Y, et al. Assessment of liver metastases radiomic feature reproducibility with deep-learning-based semi-automatic segmentation software. Acta Radiol. 2021;62:291-301.
196. Wang Z, Jia X, Yang Y, et al. Machine learning-based dynamic predictive models for prognosis and treatment decisions in patients with liver metastases from gastric cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2024;14:5521-38.
197. Wang J, Chen X, Wu D, et al. Single-cell and machine learning approaches uncover intrinsic immune-evasion genes in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Res. 2024;8:282-94.
198. Xiao Z, Wang J, Yang J, Guo F, Zhang L, Zhang L. Dendritic cells instruct T cell anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy response. TIME. 2025;3:100128.
199. Xu Z, Yang H, Zhou Y, Dzakah EE, Zhao B. Whole-process 3D ECM-encapsulated organoid-based automated high-throughput screening platform accelerates drug discovery for rare diseases. Life Med. 2025;4:lnaf021.
200. Fan B, Zhang J, Li C, Zhang X. New trend in molecular diagnostics: insights from the tumor microenvironment. Interdiscip Med. 2025;3:e70048.
201. EATRIS-Plus Multi-omics working group and Stakeholders. Multi-omics quality assessment in personalized medicine through european infrastructure for translational medicine (EATRIS): an overview. Phenomics. 2025;5:311-25.
