Topic: Extracellular Vesicles in Infection and Inflammation

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles released by all cells under physiological conditions, as well as in response to stress or activation. EVs contain lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids derived from their cell of origin. The number and phenotype of circulating EVs are altered in infections and inflammatory diseases. Remarkably, EVs are produced both by pathogens and by the host immune response to infection. Consequently, increased plasma EV levels are frequently observed during infection. These plasma EVs originate from multiple cell types, including platelets, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and erythrocytes. EVs are also generated within tissues as lesions develop. Several studies have established crucial roles for EVs in disease pathogenesis in both infectious and inflammatory conditions, but EVs can also act as mediators of immunoregulation. Because of these complex roles, EVs are increasingly recognized as biomarkers of disease severity.

This special issue will focus on the multifaceted roles of EVs in infectious and inflammatory diseases, covering the diverse molecular mechanisms underlying their production, cellular uptake, and functions, from disease onset and progression to resolution. Among these mechanisms, much remains to be discovered regarding EV surface molecules and cargo content, including various nucleic acid species, as well as their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Investigators from multiple disciplines—including molecular and cellular biology, biophysics, and clinical research—are invited to contribute. Both original research and review articles are welcome.