Constructing three-dimensional architectures to design advanced anodes materials for sodium-ion batteries: from nanoscale to microscale

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a possible substitute for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in low-cost and large-scale electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems owing to the lack of lithium resources. The properties of SIBs are correlated to the electrode materials, while the performance of electrode materials is significantly affected by the morphologies. In recent years, several kinds of anode materials involving carbon-based anodes, titanium-based anodes, conversion anodes, alloy-based anodes and organic anodes have been systematically researched to develop high-performance SIBs. Nanostructure have huge specific surface area and short ion diffusion pathway. However, the excessive solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film and worse thermodynamic stability hinder the application of nanomaterials in SIBs. Thus, the strategies of constructing three-dimensional (3D) architectures have been developed to compensate for the flaws of nanomaterials. This review summarizes recent achievements in 3D architectures including hollow structure, core-shell structure, yolk-shell structure, porous structure and self-assembled nano/micro-structure, and discusses the relationship between the 3D architectures and sodium storage properties. Notably, the intention of constructing 3D architectures is to improve materials performance by integrating the benefits of various structures and components. The development of 3D architecture construction strategies will be essential to future SIBs application.