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Figure 1. Mechanisms of action of stem cells for neurological diseases. M1: Proinflammatory M1 microglia subtype; M2: anti-inflammatory M2 microglia subtype; ROS: reactive oxygen species; BBB: blood-brain barrier; BCSB: blood-spinal cord-barrier; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; NGF: nerve growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; NT-3: neurotrophin-3; IL-10: interleukin 10; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; IL-1β: interleukin 1-beta; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; MSC: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell. Created in BioRender. Windsor R. (2026) https://BioRender.com/h3ywdw8.