fig4

Figure 4. Prebiotic-integrated nanoplatforms for antioxidant and gas-based combination therapy in IBD. (A) Polydopamine-coated yeast β-glucan nanoparticles (YBNs@PDA) combine ROS scavenging with microbiota regulation and epithelial-barrier recovery^[61]. (A) was adapted from Ref.^[61] under CC BY 4.0 License; (B) DIP accumulates in inflamed colon and generates H₂S in response to intracellular GSH, coupling redox and immune regulation with microbiota remodeling, SCFA recovery, and barrier repair^[66]. (B) was reproduced with permission from Ref.^[66]. Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. DATS: Diallyl trisulfide; DIP: DATS-loaded inulin-PCL nanomicelle; GSH: glutathione; H₂S: hydrogen sulfide; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; IL: interleukin; IP: inulin-PCL copolymer; JAK-STAT: Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MPO: myeloperoxidase; NP: nanoparticle; PCL: polycaprolactone; PDA: polydopamine; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; TJP: tight-junction protein; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; YBN: yeast β-glucan nanoparticle.