REFERENCES

1. Thau H, Gerjol BP, Hahn K, et al. Senescence as a molecular target in skin aging and disease. Ageing Res Rev. 2025;105:102686.

2. Zilber-Rosenberg I, Rosenberg E. Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome theory of evolution. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008;32:723-35.

3. Eisenstein M. The skin microbiome. Nature. 2020;588:S209.

4. MacGibeny MA, Adjei S, Pyle H, et al. The human skin microbiome in health. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2025;93:329-36.

5. Woo YR, Kim HS. Interaction between the microbiota and the skin barrier in aging skin: a comprehensive review. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1322205.

6. Wang X, Wang M, Yang J, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis prevents UV-induced skin aging by suppressing TLR3-mediated senescence. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1796085.

7. Xia JJ, Zhong Q, Li ZM, et al. Culture dependent and independent approaches reveal the role of specific bacteria in human skin aging. IMetaOmics. 2024;1:e26.

8. Lunjani N, Hlela C, O'Mahony L. Microbiome and skin biology. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;19:328-33.

9. Evans CA, Smith WM, Johnston EA, Giblett ER. Bacterial flora of the normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1950;15:305-24.

10. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, et al.; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science. 2009;324:1190-2.

11. Chen Y, Knight R, Gallo RL. Evolving approaches to profiling the microbiome in skin disease. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1151527.

12. Quince C, Walker AW, Simpson JT, Loman NJ, Segata N. Shotgun metagenomics, from sampling to analysis. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35:833-44.

13. Oh J, Voigt AY. The human skin microbiome: from metagenomes to therapeutics. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2025;23:771-87.

14. Chia M, Ng AHQ, Ravikrishnan A, et al. Skin metatranscriptomics reveals a landscape of variation in microbial activity and gene expression across the human body. Nat Biotechnol. 2026;44:1178-89.

15. Reynolds J, Yoon JY. Fluorescence-based spectrometric and imaging methods and machine learning analyses for microbiota analysis. Mikrochim Acta. 2025;192:334.

16. Kim MJ, Park J, Kang M, et al. Bacteria detection and species identification at the single-cell level using super-resolution fluorescence imaging and AI analysis. Biosens Bioelectron. 2023;240:115603.

17. Dwyer LR, Scharschmidt TC. Early life host-microbe interactions in skin. Cell Host Microbe. 2022;30:684-95.

18. Schneider AM, Nolan ZT, Banerjee K, et al. Evolution of the facial skin microbiome during puberty in normal and acne skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023;37:166-75.

19. Grice EA, Segre JA. The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;9:244-53.

20. Findley K, Oh J, Yang J, et al.; NIH Intramural Sequencing Center Comparative Sequencing Program. Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin. Nature. 2013;498:367-70.

21. Rozas M, Hart de Ruijter A, Fabrega MJ, et al. From dysbiosis to healthy skin: major contributions of Cutibacterium acnes to skin homeostasis. Microorganisms. 2021;9:628.

22. Hannigan GD, Meisel JS, Tyldsley AS, et al. The human skin double-stranded DNA virome: topographical and temporal diversity, genetic enrichment, and dynamic associations with the host microbiome. mBio. 2015;6:e01578-15.

23. Che Y, Kong HH. The human skin virome: ecological dynamics, aberrant profiles, and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Host Microbe. 2026;34:790-807.

24. Larson PJ, Zhou W, Santiago A, et al. Associations of the skin, oral and gut microbiome with aging, frailty and infection risk reservoirs in older adults. Nat Aging. 2022;2:941-55.

25. Jugé R, Rouaud-Tinguely P, Breugnot J, et al. Shift in skin microbiota of Western European women across aging. J Appl Microbiol. 2018;125:907-16.

26. Kim M, Park T, Yun JI, Lim HW, Han NR, Lee ST. Investigation of age-related changes in the skin microbiota of Korean women. Microorganisms. 2020;8:1581.

27. Shibagaki N, Suda W, Clavaud C, et al. Aging-related changes in the diversity of women's skin microbiomes associated with oral bacteria. Sci Rep. 2017;7:10567.

28. Li Z, Bai X, Peng T, et al. New insights into the skin microbial communities and skin aging. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:565549.

29. Hashida Y, Kamioka M, Tanaka M, et al. Ecology of Merkel cell polyomavirus in healthy skin among individuals in an Asian cohort. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:1708-16.

30. Hashida Y, Higuchi T, Matsuzaki S, Nakajima K, Sano S, Daibata M. Prevalence and genetic variability of human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 in healthy skin among asymptomatic individuals. J Infect Dis. 2018;217:483-93.

31. Leung MH, Wilkins D, Lee PK. Insights into the pan-microbiome: skin microbial communities of Chinese individuals differ from other racial groups. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11845.

32. Somboonna N, Wilantho A, Srisuttiyakorn C, Assawamakin A, Tongsima S. Bacterial communities on facial skin of teenage and elderly Thai females. Arch Microbiol. 2017;199:1035-42.

33. Zhai W, Huang Y, Zhang X, et al. Profile of the skin microbiota in a healthy Chinese population. J Dermatol. 2018;45:1289-300.

34. Dimitriu PA, Iker B, Malik K, et al. New insights into the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape the human skin microbiome. mBio. 2019;10:10.10.1128/mBio.00839-19.

35. Kim HJ, Kim JJ, Myeong NR, et al. Segregation of age-related skin microbiome characteristics by functionality. Sci Rep. 2019;9:16748.

36. Huang S, Haiminen N, Carrieri AP, et al. Human skin, oral, and gut microbiomes predict chronological age. mSystems. 2020;5:10.1128/msystems.00630-19.

37. Kim JH, Son SM, Park H, et al. Taxonomic profiling of skin microbiome and correlation with clinical skin parameters in healthy Koreans. Sci Rep. 2021;11:16269.

38. Howard B, Bascom CC, Hu P, et al. Aging-associated changes in the adult human skin microbiome and the host factors that affect skin microbiome composition. J Invest Dermatol. 2022;142:1934-1946.e21.

39. Zhou W, Fleming E, Legendre G, et al. Skin microbiome attributes associate with biophysical skin ageing. Exp Dermatol. 2023;32:1546-56.

40. Myers T, Bouslimani A, Huang S, et al. A multi-study analysis enables identification of potential microbial features associated with skin aging signs. Front Aging. 2023;4:1304705.

41. Garlet A, Andre-Frei V, Del Bene N, et al. Facial skin microbiome composition and functional shift with aging. Microorganisms. 2024;12:1021.

42. Sun C, Hu G, Yi L, et al. Integrated analysis of facial microbiome and skin physio-optical properties unveils cutotype-dependent aging effects. Microbiome. 2024;12:163.

43. Swaney MH, Newman DJ, Mao J, Hilton AC, Worthington T, Li M. Aging-dependent skin microbiome alterations across body sites in a United Kingdom cohort. Front Aging. 2025;6:1644012.

44. Perez Perez GI, Gao Z, Jourdain R, et al. Body site is a more determinant factor than human population diversity in the healthy skin microbiome. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0151990.

45. Ying S, Zeng DN, Chi L, et al. The influence of age and gender on skin-associated microbial communities in urban and rural human populations. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0141842.

46. Bouslimani A, da Silva R, Kosciolek T, et al. The impact of skin care products on skin chemistry and microbiome dynamics. BMC Biol. 2019;17:47.

47. Ruuskanen MO, Vats D, Potbhare R, et al. Towards standardized and reproducible research in skin microbiomes. Environ Microbiol. 2022;24:3840-60.

48. Plaza Oñate F, Quinquis B, Thirion F, et al. Assessment of protocols for characterization of the human skin microbiome using shotgun metagenomics and comparative analysis with 16S metabarcoding. Microbiol Spectr. 2025;13:e0173225.

49. Jung Y, Kim I, Jung DR, et al. Aging-induced changes in Cutibacterium acnes and their effects on skin elasticity and wrinkle formation. Microorganisms. 2024;12:2179.

50. Kim HJ, Oh HN, Park T, et al. Aged related human skin microbiome and mycobiome in Korean women. Sci Rep. 2022;12:2351.

51. Boxberger M, Cenizo V, Cassir N, La Scola B. Challenges in exploring and manipulating the human skin microbiome. Microbiome. 2021;9:125.

52. Schreml S, Zeller V, Meier RJ, et al. Impact of age and body site on adult female skin surface pH. Dermatology. 2012;224:66-71.

53. Ali SM, Yosipovitch G. Skin pH: from basic science to basic skin care. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93:261-7.

54. Chambers ES, Vukmanovic-Stejic M. Skin barrier immunity and ageing. Immunology. 2020;160:116-25.

55. Li Y, Ma L, Fan L, Wu C, Luo D, Jiang F. Genetic causal association between skin microbiota and biological aging: evidence from a mendelian randomization analysis. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025;24:e16762.

56. Niu Z, Wei G, Mao L, Han L. The causal relationship between skin microbiota and facial aging: a mendelian randomization study. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024;48:5350-7.

57. Lindsay S, Oates A, Bourdillon K. The detrimental impact of extracellular bacterial proteases on wound healing. Int Wound J. 2017;14:1237-47.

58. Williams MR, Nakatsuji T, Sanford JA, Vrbanac AF, Gallo RL. Staphylococcus aureus induces increased serine protease activity in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137:377-84.

59. Cau L, Williams MR, Butcher AM, et al. Staphylococcus epidermidis protease EcpA can be a deleterious component of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147:955-966.e16.

60. Allhorn M, Arve S, Brüggemann H, Lood R. A novel enzyme with antioxidant capacity produced by the ubiquitous skin colonizer Propionibacterium acnes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36412.

61. Andersson T, Ertürk Bergdahl G, Saleh K, et al. Common skin bacteria protect their host from oxidative stress through secreted antioxidant RoxP. Sci Rep. 2019;9:3596.

62. Shu M, Kuo S, Wang Y, et al. Porphyrin metabolisms in human skin commensal Propionibacterium acnes bacteria: potential application to monitor human radiation risk. Curr Med Chem. 2013;20:562-8.

63. Zheng Y, Hunt RL, Villaruz AE, et al. Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier homeostasis by generating protective ceramides. Cell Host Microbe. 2022;30:301-313.e9.

64. Patra V, Bordag N, Clement Y, et al. Ultraviolet exposure regulates skin metabolome based on the microbiome. Sci Rep. 2023;13:7207.

65. Allen HB, Vaze ND, Choi C, et al. The presence and impact of biofilm-producing staphylococci in atopic dermatitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150:260-5.

66. Deng L, Costa F, Blake KJ, et al. S. aureus drives itch and scratch-induced skin damage through a V8 protease-PAR1 axis. Cell. 2023;186:5375-5393.e25.

67. Galand C, Leyva-Castillo JM, Yoon J, et al. IL-33 promotes food anaphylaxis in epicutaneously sensitized mice by targeting mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138:1356-66.

68. Prohic A, Jovovic Sadikovic T, Krupalija-Fazlic M, Kuskunovic-Vlahovljak S. Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55:494-504.

69. Chandra SH, Srinivas R, Dawson TL Jr, Common JE. Cutaneous malassezia: commensal, pathogen, or protector? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:614446.

70. Zhao YE, Peng Y, Wang XL, et al. Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex: a case-control study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2011;12:1008-15.

71. Lacey N, Russell-Hallinan A, Zouboulis CC, Powell FC. Demodex mites modulate sebocyte immune reaction: possible role in the pathogenesis of rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 2018;179:420-30.

72. Thevaranjan N, Puchta A, Schulz C, et al. Age-associated microbial dysbiosis promotes intestinal permeability, systemic inflammation, and macrophage dysfunction. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;21:455-466.e4.

73. Zheng M, Ambesi A, McKeown-Longo PJ. Role of TLR4 receptor complex in the regulation of the innate immune response by fibronectin. Cells. 2020;9:216.

74. Yao C, Oh JH, Lee DH, et al. Toll-like receptor family members in skin fibroblasts are functional and have a higher expression compared to skin keratinocytes. Int J Mol Med. 2015;35:1443-50.

75. Tan J, Mckenzie C, Potamitis M, Thorburn AN, Mackay CR, Macia L. The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease. Elsevier; 2014. pp. 91-119.

76. Trompette A, Pernot J, Perdijk O, et al. Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate skin barrier integrity by promoting keratinocyte metabolism and differentiation. Mucosal Immunol. 2022;15:908-26.

77. Uberoi A, Murga-Garrido SM, Bhanap P, et al. Commensal-derived tryptophan metabolites fortify the skin barrier: Insights from a 50-species gnotobiotic model of human skin microbiome. Cell Chem Biol. 2025;32:111-125.e6.

78. Furue M, Tsuji G, Mitoma C, et al. Gene regulation of filaggrin and other skin barrier proteins via aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Dermatol Sci. 2015;80:83-8.

79. Mahmud MR, Akter S, Tamanna SK, et al. Impact of gut microbiome on skin health: gut-skin axis observed through the lenses of therapeutics and skin diseases. Gut Microbes. 2022;14:2096995.

80. Totté JE, van der Feltz WT, Hennekam M, van Belkum A, van Zuuren EJ, Pasmans SG. Prevalence and odds of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175:687-95.

81. Al Kindi A, Williams H, Matsuda K, et al. Staphylococcus aureus second immunoglobulin-binding protein drives atopic dermatitis via IL-33. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147:1354-1368.e3.

82. Geoghegan JA, Irvine AD, Foster TJ. Staphylococcus aureus and atopic dermatitis: a complex and evolving relationship. Trends Microbiol. 2018;26:484-97.

83. Hülpüsch C, Rohayem R, Reiger M, Traidl-Hoffmann C. Exploring the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis and disease modification. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2024;154:31-41.

84. Sen CK. Human wounds and its burden: an updated compendium of estimates. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2019;8:39-48.

85. Uberoi A, McCready-Vangi A, Grice EA. The wound microbiota: microbial mechanisms of impaired wound healing and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024;22:507-21.

86. Gould L, Abadir P, Brem H, et al. Chronic wound repair and healing in older adults: current status and future research. Wound Repair Regen. 2015;23:1-13.

87. Wolcott RD, Hanson JD, Rees EJ, et al. Analysis of the chronic wound microbiota of 2,963 patients by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing. Wound Repair Regen. 2016;24:163-74.

88. Karlsson C, Mörgelin M, Collin M, et al. SufA - a bacterial enzyme that cleaves fibrinogen and blocks fibrin network formation. Microbiology (Reading). 2009;155:238-48.

89. Goldufsky J, Wood SJ, Jayaraman V, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses T3SS to inhibit diabetic wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2015;23:557-64.

90. He Y, Li L, Li Y, et al. Mendelian randomization study reveals causal association between skin microbiome and skin cancers. Sci Rep. 2025;15:21590.

91. L’Orphelin JM, Dompmartin A, Dréno B. The skin microbiome: a new key player in melanoma, from onset to metastatic stage. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2025;38:e13224.

92. Voigt AY, Emiola A, Johnson JS, et al. Skin microbiome variation with cancer progression in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2022;142:2773-2782.e16.

93. Saheb Kashaf S, Higuchi H, Han J, et al. Skin microbiome shifts associated with elevated squamous cell carcinoma risk. J Invest Dermatol. 2026;146:279-283.e5.

94. Nakagawa S, Matsumoto M, Katayama Y, et al. Staphylococcus aureus virulent PSMα Peptides induce keratinocyte alarmin release to orchestrate IL-17-dependent skin inflammation. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;22:667-677.e5.

95. Wang L, Yi T, Zhang W, Pardoll DM, Yu H. IL-17 enhances tumor development in carcinogen-induced skin cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70:10112-20.

96. Nardinocchi L, Sonego G, Passarelli F, et al. Interleukin-17 and interleukin-22 promote tumor progression in human nonmelanoma skin cancer. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45:922-31.

97. Zakrzewska K, Regalbuto E, Pierucci F, et al. Pattern of HPV infection in basal cell carcinoma and in perilesional skin biopsies from immunocompetent patients. Virol J. 2012;9:309.

98. Iannacone MR, Gheit T, Waterboer T, et al. Case-control study of cutaneous human papillomavirus infection in Basal cell carcinoma of the skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133:1512-20.

99. Wallace NA, Robinson K, Galloway DA. Beta human papillomavirus E6 expression inhibits stabilization of p53 and increases tolerance of genomic instability. J Virol. 2014;88:6112-27.

100. Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Butcher AM, et al. A commensal strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis protects against skin neoplasia. Sci Adv. 2018;4:eaao4502.

101. Wang Z, Choi JE, Wu CC, Di Nardo A. Skin commensal bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis promote survival of melanocytes bearing UVB-induced DNA damage, while bacteria Propionibacterium acnes inhibit survival of melanocytes by increasing apoptosis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2018;34:405-14.

102. Gur C, Ibrahim Y, Isaacson B, et al. Binding of the Fap2 protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum to human inhibitory receptor TIGIT protects tumors from immune cell attack. Immunity. 2015;42:344-55.

103. Gopalakrishnan V, Spencer CN, Nezi L, et al. Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science. 2018;359:97-103.

104. Bender MJ, McPherson AC, Phelps CM, et al. Dietary tryptophan metabolite released by intratumoral Lactobacillus reuteri facilitates immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. Cell. 2023;186:1846-1862.e26.

105. Tonneau M, Nolin-Lapalme A, Kazandjian S, et al. Helicobacter pylori serology is associated with worse overall survival in patients with melanoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncoimmunology. 2022;11:2096535.

106. Lee DE, Huh CS, Ra J, et al. Clinical evidence of effects of Lactobacillus plantarum HY7714 on skin aging: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;25:2160-8.

107. Elvebakken H, Bruntse AB, Vedel C, Kjaerulff S. Topical Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LB244R® ointment alleviates skin aging: an exploratory trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023;22:1911-8.

108. Elvebakken HF, Christensen IB, Vedel C, Kjærulff S. A proof of concept: clinical anti-aging efficacy and safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LB244R® applied topically in a double-blinded placebo-controlled study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23:1233-42.

109. Nobile V, Hajat C, Cestone E, Cascella F, Santus G. Skin antiaging and skin health benefits of probiotic intake combined with topical Ectoin and sodium hyaluronate: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cosmetics. 2025;12:34.

110. Zeng M, Li Y, Cheng J, Wang J, Liu Q. Prebiotic oligosaccharides in skin health: benefits, mechanisms, and cosmetic applications. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025;14:754.

111. Kreouzi M, Theodorakis N, Nikolaou M, et al. Skin microbiota: mediator of interactions between metabolic disorders and cutaneous health and disease. Microorganisms. 2025;13:161.

112. Kim J, Lee YI, Mun S, et al. Efficacy and safety of Epidermidibacterium keratini EPI-7 derived postbiotics in skin aging: a prospective clinical study. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:4634.

113. Wang J, Huang H, Tao K, Guo L, Hu X, Chang H. Novel Thermus thermophilus and Bacillus subtilis mixed-culture ferment extract provides potent skin benefits in vitro and protects skin from aging. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2024;23:4334-42.

114. Jo CS, Myung CH, Yoon YC, et al. The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum extracellular vesicles from Korean women in their 20s on skin aging. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44:526-40.

115. Łubowska N, Grygorcewicz B, Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, et al. Characterization of the three new Kayviruses and their lytic activity against multidrug-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Microorganisms. 2019;7:471.

116. Shimamori Y, Mitsunaka S, Yamashita H, et al. Staphylococcal phage in combination with staphylococcus epidermidis as a potential treatment for staphylococcus aureus-associated atopic dermatitis and suppressor of phage-resistant mutants. Viruses. 2020;13:7.

117. Wilkinson HN, Stafford AR, Rudden M, et al. Selective depletion of staphylococcus aureus restores the skin microbiome and accelerates tissue repair after injury. J Invest Dermatol. 2024;144:1865-1876.e3.

118. Nakatsuji T, Chen TH, Narala S, et al. Antimicrobials from human skin commensal bacteria protect against Staphylococcus aureus and are deficient in atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaah4680.

119. Nakatsuji T, Hata TR, Tong Y, et al. Development of a human skin commensal microbe for bacteriotherapy of atopic dermatitis and use in a phase 1 randomized clinical trial. Nat Med. 2021;27:700-9.

120. D; Microbiome Therapeutics Innovation Group. Navigating regulatory and analytical challenges in live biotherapeutic product development and manufacturing. Front Microbiomes. 2024;3:1441290.

121. Rodriguez J, Cordaillat-Simmons M, Pot B, Druart C. The regulatory framework for microbiome-based therapies: insights into European regulatory developments. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2025;11:53.

122. Paetzold B, Willis JR, Pereira de Lima J, et al. Skin microbiome modulation induced by probiotic solutions. Microbiome. 2019;7:95.

123. Liu X, Luo Y, Chen X, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation against moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind controlled explorer trial. Allergy. 2025;80:1377-88.

124. Goldsmith J, Tomkovich S, Auniņš JG, et al. End-to-end donor screening and manufacturing controls: complementary quality-based strategies to minimize patient risk for donor-derived microbiome therapeutics. Gut Microbes. 2024;16:2402550.

125. Rodriguez J, Hassani Z, Alves Costa Silva C, et al.; Human Microbiome Action consortium. State of the art and the future of microbiome-based biomarkers: a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus. Lancet Microbe. 2025;6:100948.

126. Lyu Y, Shen J, Che Y, Dai L. Skin microbiome engineering: challenges and opportunities in skin diseases treatment. IMetaOmics. 2025;2:e70012.

127. Callewaert C, Knödlseder N, Karoglan A, Güell M, Paetzold B. Skin microbiome transplantation and manipulation: current state of the art. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2021;19:624-31.

128. Townsend EC, Kalan LR. The dynamic balance of the skin microbiome across the lifespan. Biochem Soc Trans. 2023;51:71-86.

129. Kashaf S, Proctor DM, Deming C, et al; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program. Integrating cultivation and metagenomics for a multi-kingdom view of skin microbiome diversity and functions. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7:169-79.

130. Min M, Egli C, Sivamani RK. The gut and skin microbiome and its association with aging clocks. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25:7471.

131. Benner C, Cesari M, Sadana R. Microbiological foundations to optimise intrinsic capacity and promote healthy ageing: an integration into the life course approach. Aging Cell. 2025;24:e70146.

Microbiome Research Reports
ISSN 2771-5965 (Online)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/