fig4

Figure 4. Bar plots of differentially abundant ASVs within infant oral samples at the species level and the impact of perinatal factors on oral microbiome functionality. (A) Delivery mode. (B) Feed type. Differentially abundant ASVs were identified using the ANCOM method, with only statistically significant ASVs based on W values shown (see Supplementary Table 1 for W values); (C) Delivery mode: Functional pathways associated with NB and CS groups; (D) Feed: Functional pathways associated with the “Breast Feeding” and “Formula” groups. (C and D) Extended error bar plots represent the mean proportion of PICRUSt2-predicted KEGG functions, with error bars showing the difference between groups. Bar color indicates the group with the higher proportion for the respective function. Welch’s t-test for unequal variances was applied. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 (two-sided) following adjusted measures. ASVs: Amplicon sequence variants; ANCOM: analysis of composition of microbiomes; NB: natural birth; CS: cesarean-section.