REFERENCES
1. Sochocka M, Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Diniz BS, Kurpas D, Brzozowska E, Leszek J. The gut microbiome alterations and inflammation-driven pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease - a critical review. Mol Neurobiol 2019;56:1841-51.
2. Alam R, Abdolmaleky HM, Zhou JR. Microbiome, inflammation, epigenetic alterations, and mental diseases. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017;174:651-60.
3. Askarova S, Umbayev B, Masoud AR, et al. The links between the gut microbiome, aging, modern lifestyle and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020;10:104.
4. Santiago JA, Potashkin JA. The impact of disease comorbidities in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021;13:631770.
5. Leng F, Hinz R, Gentleman S, et al. Neuroinflammation is independently associated with brain network dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023;28:1303-11.
6. Griciuc A, Serrano-Pozo A, Parrado AR, et al. Alzheimer’s disease risk gene CD33 inhibits microglial uptake of amyloid beta. Neuron 2013;78:631-43.
7. Leng F, Edison P. Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here? Nat Rev Neurol 2021;17:157-72.
8. Dai CL, Liu F, Iqbal K, Gong CX. Gut microbiota and immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:15230.
9. Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ. Alzheimer’s disease and the microbiome. Front Cell Neurosci 2013;7:153.
10. WHO. Dementia. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia. [Last accessed on 4 Dec 2023].
11. Alzheimer’s Disease International. World Alzheimer Report 2022: Life after diagnosis: navigating treatment, care and support. Available from: https://www.alzint.org/resource/world-alzheimer-report-2022/. [Last accessed on 4 Dec 2023].
12. Frisoni GB, Altomare D, Thal DR, et al. The probabilistic model of Alzheimer disease: the amyloid hypothesis revised. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022;23:53-66.
14. Duka V, Lee JH, Credle J, et al. Identification of the sites of tau hyperphosphorylation and activation of tau kinases in synucleinopathies and Alzheimer’s diseases. PLoS One 2013;8:e75025.
15. Lin L, Zheng LJ, Zhang LJ. Neuroinflammation, gut microbiome, and Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018;55:8243-50.
16. Yang Y, Guo L, Wang J, et al. Arglabin regulates microglia polarization to relieve neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022;36:e23045.
17. Zhang Y, Niu C. Relation of CDC42, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells with cognitive function decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022;9:1428-36.
18. Halle A, Hornung V, Petzold GC, et al. The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-β. Nat Immunol 2008;9:857-65.
19. Thakur S, Dhapola R, Sarma P, Medhi B, Reddy DH. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: current progress in molecular signaling and therapeutics. Inflammation 2023;46:1-17.
20. Dubenko OE, Chyniak OS, Potapov OO. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. Wiad Lek 2021;74:68-71.
21. Dong Y, Yu H, Li X, et al. Hyperphosphorylated tau mediates neuronal death by inducing necroptosis and inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022;19:205.
22. Doulberis M, Kotronis G, Thomann R, et al. Review: Impact of Helicobacter pylori on Alzheimer’s disease: what do we know so far? Helicobacter 2018;23:e12454.
23. Koenigsknecht-Talboo J, Landreth GE. Microglial phagocytosis induced by fibrillar beta-amyloid and IgGs are differentially regulated by proinflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci 2005;25:8240-9.
24. Ganguly U, Kaur U, Chakrabarti SS, et al. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and NADPH oxidase: implications in the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021;2021:7086512.
25. Browne TC, McQuillan K, McManus RM, O’Reilly JA, Mills KHG, Lynch MA. IFN-γ production by amyloid β-specific Th1 cells promotes microglial activation and increases plaque burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Immunol 2013;190:2241-51.
26. Westermann J, Pabst R. How organ-specific is the migration of 'naive' and 'memory' T cells? Immunol Today 1996;17:278-82.
27. Satarkar D, Patra C. Evolution, expression and functional analysis of CXCR3 in neuronal and cardiovascular diseases: a narrative review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022;10:882017.
28. Ye X, Chen J, Pan J, et al. Interleukin-17 promotes the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the brain in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease. Immunol Invest 2023;52:135-53.
29. Cristiano C, Volpicelli F, Lippiello P, et al. Neutralization of IL-17 rescues amyloid-β-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairment. Br J Pharmacol 2019;176:3544-57.
30. Effendi RMRA, Anshory M, Kalim H, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in immune-related diseases. Microorganisms 2022;10:2382.
31. Masuda T, Sankowski R, Staszewski O, Prinz M. Microglia heterogeneity in the single-cell era. Cell Rep 2020;30:1271-81.
32. Kubick N, Henckell Flournoy PC, Klimovich P, Manda G, Mickael ME. What has single-cell RNA sequencing revealed about microglial neuroimmunology? Immun Inflamm Dis 2020;8:825-39.
33. Keren-Shaul H, Spinrad A, Weiner A, et al. A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell 2017;169:1276-90.e17.
34. Zhou Y, Song WM, Andhey PS, et al. Human and mouse single-nucleus transcriptomics reveal TREM2-dependent and TREM2-independent cellular responses in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Med 2020;26:131-42.
35. Srinivasan K, Friedman BA, Etxeberria A, et al. Alzheimer’s patient microglia exhibit enhanced aging and unique transcriptional activation. Cell Rep 2020;31:107843.
36. Mathys H, Adaikkan C, Gao F, et al. Temporal tracking of microglia activation in neurodegeneration at single-cell resolution. Cell Rep 2017;21:366-80.
37. Olah M, Menon V, Habib N, et al. Single cell RNA sequencing of human microglia uncovers a subset associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Commun 2020;11:6129.
38. Huang Y, Wu J, Zhang H, et al. The gut microbiome modulates the transformation of microglial subtypes. Mol Psychiatry 2023;28:1611-21.
39. Nguyen VTT, Endres K. A crate of Pandora: do amyloids from bacteria promote Alzheimer’s disease? Neural Regen Res 2021;16:988-9.
40. Xiao L, Wang J, Zheng J, Li X, Zhao F. Deterministic transition of enterotypes shapes the infant gut microbiome at an early age. Genome Biol 2021;22:243.
41. Bonsack B, Jiang RH, Borlongan CV. A gut feeling about stroke reveals gut-brain axis’ active role in homeostasis and dysbiosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020;40:1132-4.
42. Seguella L, Sarnelli G, Esposito G. Leaky gut, dysbiosis, and enteric glia activation: the trilogy behind the intestinal origin of Parkinson’s disease. Neural Regen Res 2020;15:1037-8.
43. Giridharan VV, Catumbela CSG, Catalão CHR, et al. Sepsis exacerbates Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology, modulates the gut microbiome, increases neuroinflammation and amyloid burden. Mol Psychiatry 2023.
44. Edwards LA, Lucas M, Edwards EA, et al. Aberrant response to commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in Crohn’s disease: an ex vivo human organ culture study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:1201-8.
45. Angiulli F, Conti E, Zoia CP, et al. Blood-based biomarkers of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: a central role for periphery? Diagnostics 2021;11:1525.
46. Walker KA, Hoogeveen RC, Folsom AR, et al. Midlife systemic inflammatory markers are associated with late-life brain volume: the ARIC study. Neurology 2017;89:2262-70.
47. Lancaster TM, Hill MJ, Sims R, Williams J. Microglia - mediated immunity partly contributes to the genetic association between Alzheimer’s disease and hippocampal volume. Brain Behav Immun 2019;79:267-73.
48. Dodiya HB, Kuntz T, Shaik SM, et al. Sex-specific effects of microbiome perturbations on cerebral Aβ amyloidosis and microglia phenotypes. J Exp Med 2019;216:1542-60.
49. Dodiya HB, Lutz HL, Weigle IQ, et al. Gut microbiota-driven brain Aβ amyloidosis in mice requires microglia. J Exp Med 2022;219:e20200895.
50. Chandra S, Di Meco A, Dodiya HB, et al. The gut microbiome regulates astrocyte reaction to Aβ amyloidosis through microglial dependent and independent mechanisms. Mol Neurodegener 2023;18:45.
51. Kim MS, Kim Y, Choi H, et al. Transfer of a healthy microbiota reduces amyloid and tau pathology in an Alzheimer’s disease animal model. Gut 2020;69:283-94.
52. Cammann D, Lu Y, Cummings MJ, et al. Genetic correlations between Alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiome genera. Sci Rep 2023;13:5258.
53. Vogt NM, Kerby RL, Dill-McFarland KA, et al. Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Rep 2017;7:13537.
54. Yıldırım S, Nalbantoğlu ÖU, Bayraktar A, et al. stratification of the gut microbiota composition landscape across the Alzheimer’s disease continuum in a turkish cohort. mSystems 2022;7:e0000422.
55. Nagpal R, Neth BJ, Wang S, Craft S, Yadav H. Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet modulates gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in association with Alzheimer’s disease markers in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. EBioMedicine 2019;47:529-42.
56. Hollander D, Kaunitz JD. The “Leaky Gut”: tight junctions but loose associations? Dig Dis Sci 2020;65:1277-87.
57. Chen C, Liao J, Xia Y, et al. Gut microbiota regulate Alzheimer’s disease pathologies and cognitive disorders via PUFA-associated neuroinflammation. Gut 2022;71:2233-52.
58. Kim DS, Ko BS, Ryuk JA, Park S. Tetragonia tetragonioides protected against memory dysfunction by elevating hippocampal amyloid-β deposition through potentiating insulin signaling and altering gut microbiome composition. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:2900.
59. Zhan X, Stamova B, Sharp FR. Lipopolysaccharide associates with amyloid plaques, neurons and oligodendrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease brain: a review. Front Aging Neurosci 2018;10:42.
60. Zhao Y, Jaber V, Lukiw WJ. Secretory products of the human GI tract microbiome and their potential impact on Alzheimer’s disease (AD): detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in AD hippocampus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017;7:318.
61. Zhao Y, Cong L, Jaber V, Lukiw WJ. Microbiome-derived lipopolysaccharide enriched in the perinuclear region of Alzheimer’s disease brain. Front Immunol 2017;8:1064.
62. Muhammad T, Ikram M, Ullah R, Rehman SU, Kim MO. Hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis and memory impairments by modulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Nutrients 2019;11:648.
63. Salvi PS, Cowles RA. Butyrate and the intestinal epithelium: modulation of proliferation and inflammation in homeostasis and disease. Cells 2021;10:1775.
64. Matt SM, Allen JM, Lawson MA, Mailing LJ, Woods JA, Johnson RW. Butyrate and dietary soluble fiber improve neuroinflammation associated with aging in mice. Front Immunol 2018;9:1832.
65. Liu J, Li H, Gong T, et al. Anti-neuroinflammatory effect of short-chain fatty acid acetate against Alzheimer’s disease via upregulating GPR41 and inhibiting ERK/JNK/NF-κB. J Agric Food Chem 2020;68:7152-61.
66. Reisenauer CJ, Bhatt DP, Mitteness DJ, et al. Acetate supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2011;117:264-74.
67. Luqman A, Nega M, Nguyen MT, Ebner P, Götz F. SadA-expressing staphylococci in the human gut show increased cell adherence and internalization. Cell Rep 2018;22:535-45.
68. Chen Y, Xu J, Chen Y. Regulation of neurotransmitters by the gut microbiota and effects on cognition in neurological disorders. Nutrients 2021;13:2099.
69. Qian XH, Song XX, Liu XL, Chen SD, Tang HD. Inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer’s disease mediated by gut microbiota. Ageing Res Rev 2021;68:101317.
70. Goyal D, Ali SA, Singh RK. Emerging role of gut microbiota in modulation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration with emphasis on Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021;106:110112.
71. Wu L, Han Y, Zheng Z, et al. Altered gut microbial metabolites in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: signals in host-microbe interplay. Nutrients 2021;13:228.
72. Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, Kiely B, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Neuroscience 2010;170:1179-88.
73. Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, Bienenstock J, Dinan TG. The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: an assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. J Psychiatr Res 2008;43:164-74.
74. Pappolla MA, Perry G, Fang X, Zagorski M, Sambamurti K, Poeggeler B. Indoles as essential mediators in the gut-brain axis. Their role in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021;156:105403.
75. Chyan YJ, Poeggeler B, Omar RA, et al. Potent neuroprotective properties against the Alzheimer beta-amyloid by an endogenous melatonin-related indole structure, indole-3-propionic acid. J Biol Chem 1999;274:21937-42.
76. Rothhammer V, Mascanfroni ID, Bunse L, et al. Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nat Med 2016;22:586-97.
77. Lin J, Sun-Waterhouse D, Cui C. The therapeutic potential of diet on immune-related diseases: based on the regulation on tryptophan metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022;62:8793-811.
78. Oren A, Garrity GM. Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021;71:005056.
79. Shin NR, Whon TW, Bae JW. Proteobacteria: microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota. Trends Biotechnol 2015;33:496-503.
80. Liu P, Wu L, Peng G, et al. Altered microbiomes distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from amnestic mild cognitive impairment and health in a Chinese cohort. Brain Behav Immun 2019;80:633-43.
81. Lu S, Yang Y, Xu Q, et al. Gut microbiota and targeted biomarkers analysis in patients with cognitive impairment. Front Neurol 2022;13:834403.
82. Li B, He Y, Ma J, et al. Mild cognitive impairment has similar alterations as Alzheimer’s disease in gut microbiota. Alzheimers Dement 2019;15:1357-66.
83. Zhou Y, Wang Y, Quan M, Zhao H, Jia J. Gut microbiota changes and their correlation with cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021;81:583-95.
84. Wang Y, Li L, Zhao X, et al. Intestinal microflora changes in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease in a Chinese cohort. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;88:563-75.
85. Cattaneo A, Cattane N, Galluzzi S, et al. INDIA-FBP Group. Association of brain amyloidosis with pro-inflammatory gut bacterial taxa and peripheral inflammation markers in cognitively impaired elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2017;49:60-8.
86. Wanapaisan P, Chuansangeam M, Nopnipa S, et al. Association between gut microbiota with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in a Thai population. Neurodegener Dis 2022;22:43-54.
87. Zhuang ZQ, Shen LL, Li WW, et al. Gut microbiota is altered in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018;63:1337-46.
88. Kang DJ, Betrapally NS, Ghosh SA, et al. Gut microbiota drive the development of neuroinflammatory response in cirrhosis in mice. Hepatology 2016;64:1232-48.
89. Xia Y, Wang J, Fang X, Dou T, Han L, Yang C. Combined analysis of metagenomic data revealed consistent changes of gut microbiome structure and function in inflammatory bowel disease. J Appl Microbiol 2021;131:3018-31.
90. Ng A, Tam WW, Zhang MW, et al. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF- α and CRP in elderly patients with depression or Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2018;8:12050.
91. Burke SJ, Lu D, Sparer TE, et al. NF-κB and STAT1 control CXCL1 and CXCL2 gene transcription. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014;306:E131-49.
92. Bryant AG, Hu M, Carlyle BC, et al. Cerebrovascular senescence is associated with tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurol 2020;11:575953.
93. Vallès A, Grijpink-Ongering L, de Bree FM, Tuinstra T, Ronken E. Differential regulation of the CXCR2 chemokine network in rat brain trauma: implications for neuroimmune interactions and neuronal survival. Neurobiol Dis 2006;22:312-22.
94. Bessho S, Grando KCM, Kyrylchuk K, et al. Systemic exposure to bacterial amyloid curli alters the gut mucosal immune response and the microbiome, exacerbating Salmonella-induced arthritis. Gut Microbes 2023;15:2221813.
95. Biesecker SG, Nicastro LK, Wilson RP, Tükel Ç. The functional amyloid curli protects escherichia coli against complement-mediated bactericidal activity. Biomolecules 2018;8:5.
96. Bhoite SS, Han Y, Ruotolo BT, Chapman MR. Mechanistic insights into accelerated α-synuclein aggregation mediated by human microbiome-associated functional amyloids. J Biol Chem 2022;298:102088.
97. Thomas F, Hehemann JH, Rebuffet E, Czjzek M, Michel G. Environmental and gut bacteroidetes: the food connection. Front Microbiol 2011;2:93.
98. Saji N, Murotani K, Hisada T, et al. The relationship between the gut microbiome and mild cognitive impairment in patients without dementia: a cross-sectional study conducted in Japan. Sci Rep 2019;9:19227.
99. Stadlbauer V, Engertsberger L, Komarova I, et al. Dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation in dementia: a pilot study. BMC Geriatr 2020;20:248.
100. Ubeda C, Vázquez-Carretero MD, Luque-Tirado A, et al. Fecal volatile organic compounds and microbiota associated with the progression of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022;24:707.
101. Verhaar BJH, Hendriksen HMA, de Leeuw FA, et al. Gut microbiota composition is related to AD pathology. Front Immunol 2022;12:794519.
102. Aljumaah MR, Bhatia U, Roach J, Gunstad J, Azcarate Peril MA. The gut microbiome, mild cognitive impairment, and probiotics: a randomized clinical trial in middle-aged and older adults. Clin Nutr 2022;41:2565-76.
103. Sitkin S, Pokrotnieks J. Clinical potential of anti-inflammatory effects of faecalibacterium prausnitzii and butyrate in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019;25:e40-1.
104. Alvarez CA, Jones MB, Hambor J, Cobb BA. Characterization of polysaccharide A response reveals interferon responsive gene signature and immunomodulatory marker expression. Front Immunol 2020;11:556813.
105. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:14691-6.
106. Sun Y, Zhang S, Nie Q, et al. Gut firmicutes: relationship with dietary fiber and role in host homeostasis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022:1-16.
107. Soriano M, Santi I, Taddei A, Rappuoli R, Grandi G, Telford JL. Group B Streptococcus crosses human epithelial cells by a paracellular route. J Infect Dis 2006;193:241-50.
108. Duan M, Liu F, Fu H, Lu S, Wang T. Preoperative microbiomes and intestinal barrier function can differentiate prodromal Alzheimer’s disease from normal neurocognition in elderly patients scheduled to undergo orthopedic surgery. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021;11:592842.
109. Sheng C, Lin L, Lin H, Wang X, Han Y, Liu SL. Altered gut microbiota in adults with subjective cognitive decline: the SILCODE study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021;82:513-26.
110. Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, et al. The firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio: a relevant marker of gut dysbiosis in obese patients? Nutrients 2020;12:1474.
111. Ling Z, Zhu M, Yan X, et al. Structural and functional dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Chinese patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020;8:634069.
112. Xi J, Ding D, Zhu H, et al. Disturbed microbial ecology in Alzheimer’s disease: evidence from the gut microbiota and fecal metabolome. BMC Microbiol 2021;21:226.
113. Chen XX, Zeng MX, Cai D, Zhou HH, Wang YJ, Liu Z. Correlation between APOE4 gene and gut microbiota in Alzheimer’s disease. Benef Microbes 2023;14:349-60.
114. Botchway BO, Okoye FC, Chen Y, Arthur WE, Fang M. Alzheimer disease: recent updates on apolipoprotein E and gut microbiome mediation of oxidative stress, and prospective interventional agents. Aging Dis 2022;13:87-102.
115. Stražar M, Mourits VP, Koeken VACM, et al. The influence of the gut microbiome on BCG-induced trained immunity. Genome Biol 2021;22:275.
116. Song L, Sun Q, Zheng H, et al. Roseburia hominis alleviates neuroinflammation via short-chain fatty acids through histone deacetylase inhibition. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022;66:e2200164.
117. Wang X, Sun G, Feng T, et al. Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer’s disease progression. Cell Res 2019;29:787-803.
118. Martynyuk AE, Glushakov AV, Sumners C, Laipis PJ, Dennis DM, Seubert CN. Impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the PKU brain. Mol Genet Metab 2005;86 Suppl 1:S34-42.
119. Liu P, Yang Q, Yu N, et al. Phenylalanine metabolism is dysregulated in human hippocampus with Alzheimer’s disease related pathological changes. J Alzheimers Dis 2021;83:609-22.
120. Rao X, Hua F, Zhang L, et al. Dual roles of interleukin-33 in cognitive function by regulating central nervous system inflammation. J Transl Med 2022;20:369.
121. Wrzosek L, Miquel S, Noordine ML, et al. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii influence the production of mucus glycans and the development of goblet cells in the colonic epithelium of a gnotobiotic model rodent. BMC Biol 2013;11:61.
122. Kountouras J, Tsolaki M, Gavalas E, et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006;66:938-40.
123. Chang YP, Chiu GF, Kuo FC, et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is associated with the progression of dementia: a population-based study. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013;2013:175729.
124. Holmes C, Cotterell D. Role of infection in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: implications for treatment. CNS Drugs 2009;23:993-1002.
125. Allen HB. Alzheimer’s disease: assessing the role of spirochetes, biofilms, the immune system, and amyloid-β with regard to potential treatment and prevention. J Alzheimers Dis 2016;53:1271-6.
