fig2
From: Deteriorating microbiomes in agriculture - the unintended effects of pesticides on microbial life
Figure 2. Direct and indirect mechanisms through which “non-antimicrobial” pesticides deteriorate bee-associated microbial communities. The panels on the left (A, B) highlight how both the parent compound and breakdown metabolites of pesticides can cause direct harm to microbial cells. The panels on the right (C, D) highlight how pesticides can alter microbial homeostasis through modulating host immune gene expression and behaviour in honey bees.
