fig1

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of research progress on TPHSs in biological structural elucidation, artificial self-assembly systems and related applications. (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY-NC 3.0 License^[20]. Copyright 2025, The Authors. (Protoreaster nodosus) Reproduced with permission^[21]. Copyright 2022, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (Morpho theseus) Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 License^[22]. Copyright 2023, The Authors. (Sternotomis callais) Reproduced with permission^[23]. Copyright 2021, The Royal Society. (Four-Network Gyroid) Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 License^[24]. Copyright 2025, The Authors. (I-WP) Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 License^[25]. Copyright 2020, The Authors. (Single Diamond) Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License^[26]. Copyright 2024, The Authors. (Primitive) Reproduced with permission^[27]. Copyright 2024, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (Sensors) Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 License^[7]. Copyright 2026, The Authors. (Catalysts) Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 License^[28]. Copyright 2024, The Authors. (Photonic Crystals) Reproduced with permission^[29]. Copyright 2026, Wiley-VCH GmbH. (Metamaterials) Reproduced under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 License^[30]. Copyright 2025, The Authors. TPHS: Triply periodic hyperbolic surface; I-WP: I-graph-Wrapped Package graph; ET: Eiffel Tower.